Low refractive index compound and electronic apparatus including the same

ABSTRACT

A metallic compound for use in an electronic apparatus having an organic light emitting element, the metallic compound having a refractive index: n620 nm≤about 1.60; n530 nm≤about 1.65; and n460nm≤about 1.68.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims priority from and the benefit of Korean PatentApplication No. 10-2019-0153545, filed on Nov. 26, 2019, which is herebyincorporated by reference for all purposes as if fully set forth herein.

BACKGROUND Field

Exemplary implementations of the invention relate generally to a lowrefractive index compound, and more particularly, to an electronicdevice and/or an apparatus including the same.

Discussion of the Background

Organic light-emitting devices are self-emission devices that have wideviewing angles, high contrast ratios, short response times, andexcellent characteristics in terms of brightness, driving voltage, andresponse speed, compared to devices in the related art.

An example of the organic light-emitting devices may include a firstelectrode located on a substrate, and a hole transport region, anemission layer, an electron transport region, and a second electrode,which are sequentially located on the first electrode. Holes providedfrom the first electrode may move toward the emission layer through thehole transport region, and electrons provided from the second electrodemay move toward the emission layer through the electron transportregion. Carriers, such as holes and electrons, recombine in the emissionlayer to produce excitons. These excitons transit from an excited stateto a ground state, thereby generating light.

The above information disclosed in this Background section is only forunderstanding of the background of the inventive concepts, and,therefore, it may contain information that does not constitute priorart.

SUMMARY

Applicant discovered that even when a capping layer is deposited on theelectrode of an organic light-emitting device with a compound having ahigh refractive index, transmittance of light emitted from the inside ofthe organic light-emitting device is not very good.

Furthermore, light is absorbed by the electrode, resulting in a decreasein efficiency of the organic light-emitting device.

Compounds for electronic devices and apparatuses constructed accordingto the principles and exemplary implementations of the invention have alow refractive index compound that is used in, for example, a cappinglayer or encapsulation layer of an organic light-emitting device toimprove external quantum efficiency.

Additional features of the inventive concepts will be set forth in thedescription which follows, and in part will be apparent from thedescription, or may be learned by practice of the inventive concepts.

According to one aspect of the invention, a metallic compound for use inan electronic apparatus having an organic light emitting element has arefractive index: n_(620 nm)≤about 1.60; n_(530nm)≤about 1.65; andn_(460nm)≤about 1.68.

The metallic compound may be a compound of Formula 1:

wherein, in Formula 1,

M may be a metal ion;

L1 to L6 may be each, independently from one another, a substituted orunsubstituted C1-C60 alkylene group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC2-C60 alkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C60alkynylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C4-C60 carbocyclicgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 heterocyclic group, —O—,—S—, —C(═O)—, —C(═S)—, —Si(Q1)(Q2)-, —N(Q1)-, —B(Q1)-, —P(Q1)-,—P(═O)(Q1)-, or —Ge(Q1)(Q2)-;

a1 to a6 may be each, independently from one another, 0, 1, 2, or 3;

R1 to R6 may be each, independently from one another, hydrogen,deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 alkyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C2-C60 alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC2-C60 alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 alkoxygroup, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C6-C60 aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60 arylthio group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 heteroaryl group, a substituted orunsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group, asubstituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic fusedheteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), —N(Q1)(Q2), —B(Q1)(Q2),—P(Q1)(Q2), —C(═O)(Q1), —S(═O)2(Q1), or —P(═O)(Q1)(Q2);

l, m, and n may be each, independently from one another, 0, 1, or 2; and

at least one substituent of the substituted C1-C60 alkyl group, thesubstituted C1-C60 alkylene group, the substituted C2-C60 alkenyl group,the substituted C2-C60 alkenylene group, the substituted C2-C60 alkynylgroup, the substituted C2-C60 alkynylene group, the substituted C1-C60alkoxy group, the substituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, the substitutedC1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group, the substituted C3-C10 cycloalkenylgroup, the substituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group, the substitutedC6-C60 aryl group, the substituted, a C6-C60 arylene group, thesubstituted C6-C60 aryloxy group, the substituted C6-C60 arylthio group,the substituted C1-C60 heteroaryl group, the substituted C1-C60heteroarylene group, the substituted monovalent non-aromatic fusedpolycyclic group, the substituted monovalent non-aromatic fusedheteropolycyclic group, the substituted C4-C60 carbocyclic group, andthe substituted C1-C60 heterocyclic group may be:

deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C1-C60alkyl group, a C2-C60 alkenyl group, a C2-C60 alkynyl group, and aC1-C60 alkoxy group;

a C1-C60 alkyl group, a C2-C60 alkenyl group, a C2-C60 alkynyl group,and a C1-C60 alkoxy group, each, independently from one another,substituted with at least one of deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxylgroup, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazinogroup, a hydrazono group, a C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, a C1-C10heterocycloalkyl group, a C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group, a C1-C10heterocycloalkenyl group, a C6-C60 aryl group, a C6-C60 aryloxy group, aC6-C60 arylthio group, a C1-C60 heteroaryl group, a monovalentnon-aromatic fused polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic fusedheteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q11)(Q12)(Q13), —N(Q11)(Q12), —B(Q11)(Q12),—C(═O)(Q11), —S(═O)2(Q11), and —P(═O)(Q11)(Q12);

a C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group, a C3-C10cycloalkenyl group, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a C6-C60 arylgroup, a C6-C60 aryloxy group, a C6-C60 arylthio group, a C1-C60heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group, anda monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group, each,independently from one another, optionally substituted with at least oneof deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C1-C60alkyl group, a C2-C60 alkenyl group, a C2-C60 alkynyl group, a C1-C60alkoxy group, a C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkylgroup, a C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group, aC6-C60 aryl group, a C6-C60 aryloxy group, a C6-C60 arylthio group, aC1-C60 heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclicgroup, a monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group,—Si(Q21)(Q22)(Q23), —N(Q21)(Q22), —B(Q21)(Q22), —C(═O)(Q21),—S(═O)2(Q21), and —P(═O)(Q21)(Q22); and

—Si(Q31)(Q32)(Q33), —N(Q31)(Q32), —B(Q31)(Q32), —C(═O)(Q31),—S(═O)2(Q31), and

—P(═O)(Q31)(Q32),

wherein Q1, Q2, Q3, Q11, Q12, Q13, Q21, Q22, Q23, Q31, Q32, and Q33 maybe each, independently from one another, hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl,—Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidinogroup, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C1-C60 alkyl group, aC2-C60 alkenyl group, a C2-C60 alkynyl group, a C1-C60 alkoxy group, aC3-C10 cycloalkyl group, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group, a C3-C10cycloalkenyl group, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a C6-C60 arylgroup, a C1-C60 heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic fusedpolycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclicgroup, a biphenyl group, or a terphenyl group.

The variable M in Formula 1 may be Al, Ir, Rh, Mn, Co, Fe, Ni, Zr, In,Nb, W, Os, or Bi ion.

The compound of Formula 1 may be a compound of Formula 2 below:

wherein, in Formula 2, the variables are defined herein.

The variables a11 to a13 may be each, independently from one another, 0or 1; and variables R11 to R13 may be each, independently from oneanother, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 alkyl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C6-C60 aryl group, or a substituted or unsubstitutedC1-C60 heteroaryl group.

The variables R11 to R13 may be each, independently from one another, ofFormulae 2a to 2d:

wherein, in Formulae 2a to 2d, the variables are defined herein.

The compound of Formula 2 may be a compound of Formulae 1 to 6, asdefined herein.

The compound of Formula 1 may be a compound of Formula 3 below:

wherein, in Formula 3, the variables are defined herein.

The variables a21 to a29 may each be, independently from one another, 0or 1; and R21 to R29 may each be, independently from one another,hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group,a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 alkyl group, or a substituted orunsubstituted C2-C60 alkenyl group.

The variables R21 to R29 may each be, independently from one another,hydrogen, deuterium, a methyl group, or a cyano group.

The compound of Formula 3 may be a compound of Formulae 7 to 12, definedherein.

The value of S1 absorption energy of the compound of Formula 1 may beabout 3.15 eV or more.

The metallic compound of Formula 1 may be substantially symmetric.

An electronic apparatus may include: a substrate; and an electronicdevice disposed on the substrate, wherein the electronic device mayinclude a capping layer having the compound of claim 2.

According to another aspect of the invention, an electronic apparatusincludes:

a substrate;

an electronic device located on the substrate; and

a member that encapsulates the electronic device,

wherein the member includes a compound of Formula 2:

wherein, in Formula 2,

M is a metal ion;

L11 to L13 are each, independently from one another, a substituted orunsubstituted C1-C60 alkylene group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC2-C60 alkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C60alkynylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C4-C60 carbocyclicgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 heterocyclic group, —O—,—S—, —C(═O)—, —C(═S)—, —Si(Q1)(Q2)-, —N(Q1)-, —B(Q1)-, —P(Q1)-,—P(═O)(Q1)-, or —Ge(Q1)(Q2)-;

a11 to a13 are each, independently from one another, 0, 1, 2, or 3;

R11 to R13 are each, independently from one another, hydrogen,deuterium, —F, —C1, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 alkyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C2-C60 alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC2-C60 alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 alkoxygroup, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C6-C60 aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60 arylthio group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 heteroaryl group, a substituted orunsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group, asubstituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic fusedheteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), —N(Q1)(Q2), —B(Q1)(Q2),—P(Q1)(Q2), —C(═O)(Q1), —S(═O)2(Q1), or

—P(═O)(Q1)(Q2); and

at least one substituent of the substituted C1-C60 alkyl group, thesubstituted C1-C60 alkylene group, the substituted C2-C60 alkenyl group,the substituted C2-C60 alkenylene group, the substituted C2-C60 alkynylgroup, the substituted C2-C60 alkynylene group, the substituted C1-C60alkoxy group, the substituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, the substitutedC1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group, the substituted C3-C10 cycloalkenylgroup, the substituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group, the substitutedC6-C60 aryl group, the substituted, a C6-C60 arylene group, thesubstituted C6-C60 aryloxy group, the substituted C6-C60 arylthio group,the substituted C1-C60 heteroaryl group, the substituted C1-C60heteroarylene group, the substituted monovalent non-aromatic fusedpolycyclic group, the substituted monovalent non-aromatic fusedheteropolycyclic group, the substituted C4-C60 carbocyclic group, andthe substituted C1-C60 heterocyclic group is:

deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C1-C60alkyl group, a C2-C60 alkenyl group, a C2-C60 alkynyl group, and aC1-C60 alkoxy group;

a C1-C60 alkyl group, a C2-C60 alkenyl group, a C2-C60 alkynyl group,and a C1-C60 alkoxy group, each, independently from one another,substituted with at least one of deuterium,

—F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, anamidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C3-C10 cycloalkylgroup, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group, a C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group, aC1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a C6-C60 aryl group, a C6-C60 aryloxygroup, a C6-C60 arylthio group, a C1-C60 heteroaryl group, a monovalentnon-aromatic fused polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic fusedheteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q11)(Q12)(Q13),

—N(Q11)(Q12), —B(Q11)(Q12), —C(═O)(Q11), —S(═O)2(Q11), and—P(═O)(Q11)(Q12);

a C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group, a C3-C10cycloalkenyl group, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a C6-C60 arylgroup, a C6-C60 aryloxy group, a C6-C60 arylthio group, a C1-C60heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group, anda monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group, each,independently from one another, optionally substituted with at least oneof deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C1-C60alkyl group, a C2-C60 alkenyl group, a C2-C60 alkynyl group, a C1-C60alkoxy group, a C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkylgroup, a C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group, aC6-C60 aryl group, a C6-C60 aryloxy group, a C6-C60 arylthio group, aC1-C60 heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclicgroup, a monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group,—Si(Q21)(Q22)(Q23), —N(Q21)(Q22), —B(Q21)(Q22),

—C(═O)(Q21), —S(═O)2(Q21), and —P(═O)(Q21)(Q22); and

—Si(Q31)(Q32)(Q33), —N(Q31)(Q32), —B(Q31)(Q32), —C(═O)(Q31),—S(═O)2(Q31), and

—P(═O)(Q31)(Q32);

wherein Q1, Q2, Q3, Q11, Q12, Q13, Q21, Q22, Q23, Q31, Q32, and Q33 areeach, independently from one another, hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br,—I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, ahydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C1-C60 alkyl group, a C2-C60alkenyl group, a C2-C60 alkynyl group, a C1-C60 alkoxy group, a C3-C10cycloalkyl group, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group, a C3-C10 cycloalkenylgroup, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a C6-C60 aryl group, a C1-C60heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group, amonovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group, a biphenyl group,or a terphenyl group.

The member may include a thin-film.

The thin-film may include the compound of Formula 2.

The electronic device may include an organic light-emitting device,wherein the organic light-emitting device may include: a firstelectrode; a second electrode facing the first electrode; and an organiclayer having an emission layer disposed between the first and secondelectrodes.

The first electrode may include an anode; the second electrode mayinclude a cathode; and the organic layer further may include i) a holetransport region disposed between the first electrode and the emissionlayer and having a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, abuffer layer, an electron blocking layer, or any combination thereof,and ii) an electron transport region disposed between the emission layerand the second electrode and having a hole blocking layer, an electrontransport layer, an electron injection layer, or any combinationthereof.

The electronic apparatus may further include a thin-film transistor,wherein the thin-film transistor may include a source electrode, a drainelectrode, an activation layer, and a gate electrode, and the firstelectrode of the organic light-emitting device may be in electricalcontact with one of the source electrode and the drain electrode of thethin-film transistor.

It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description andthe following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory and areintended to provide further explanation of the invention as claimed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a furtherunderstanding of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute apart of this specification, illustrate exemplary embodiments of theinvention, and together with the description serve to explain theinventive concepts.

FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional diagram of an exemplary embodimentof an electronic apparatus constructed according to principles of theinvention.

FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional diagram of an exemplary embodimentof an organic light-emitting device constructed according to principlesof the invention.

FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional diagram of another exemplaryembodiment of an organic light-emitting device constructed according toprinciples of the invention.

FIG. 4 is a schematic cross-sectional diagram of yet another exemplaryembodiment of an organic light-emitting device constructed according toprinciples of the invention.

FIG. 5 is a schematic cross-sectional diagram of still another exemplaryembodiment of an organic light-emitting device constructed according toprinciples of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, numerousspecific details are set forth in order to provide a thoroughunderstanding of various exemplary embodiments or implementations of theinvention. As used herein “embodiments” and “implementations” areinterchangeable words that are non-limiting examples of devices ormethods employing one or more of the inventive concepts disclosedherein. It is apparent, however, that various exemplary embodiments maybe practiced without these specific details or with one or moreequivalent arrangements. In other instances, well-known structures anddevices are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid unnecessarilyobscuring various exemplary embodiments. Further, various exemplaryembodiments may be different, but do not have to be exclusive. Forexample, specific shapes, configurations, and characteristics of anexemplary embodiment may be used or implemented in another exemplaryembodiment without departing from the inventive concepts.

Unless otherwise specified, the illustrated exemplary embodiments are tobe understood as providing exemplary features of varying detail of someways in which the inventive concepts may be implemented in practice.Therefore, unless otherwise specified, the features, components,modules, layers, films, panels, regions, and/or aspects, etc.(hereinafter individually or collectively referred to as “elements”), ofthe various embodiments may be otherwise combined, separated,interchanged, and/or rearranged without departing from the inventiveconcepts.

The use of cross-hatching and/or shading in the accompanying drawings isgenerally provided to clarify boundaries between adjacent elements. Assuch, neither the presence nor the absence of cross-hatching or shadingconveys or indicates any preference or requirement for particularmaterials, material properties, dimensions, proportions, commonalitiesbetween illustrated elements, and/or any other characteristic,attribute, property, etc., of the elements, unless specified. Further,in the accompanying drawings, the size and relative sizes of elementsmay be exaggerated for clarity and/or descriptive purposes. When anexemplary embodiment may be implemented differently, a specific processorder may be performed differently from the described order. Forexample, two consecutively described processes may be performedsubstantially at the same time or performed in an order opposite to thedescribed order. Also, like reference numerals denote like elements. Thesame or corresponding components will be denoted by the same referencenumerals, and thus repetitive description thereof will be omitted toavoid redundancy.

When an element, such as a layer, a film, a region, or a plate, isreferred to as being “on,” “connected to,” or “coupled to” anotherelement, layer, film, region, plate, it may be directly on, connectedto, or coupled to the other element, layer, film, region, plate, orintervening elements, layers, films, regions, or plates may be present.When, however, an element, layer, film, region, or plate, is referred toas being “directly on,” “directly connected to,” or “directly coupledto” another element, layer, film, region, or plate, there are nointervening elements, layers, films, regions, or plates present. To thisend, the term “connected” may refer to physical, electrical, and/orfluid connection, with or without intervening elements. Further, theD1-axis, the D2-axis, and the D3-axis are not limited to three axes of arectangular coordinate system, such as the x, y, and z-axes, and may beinterpreted in a broader sense. For example, the D1-axis, the D2-axis,and the D3-axis may be perpendicular to one another, or may representdifferent directions that are not perpendicular to one another. For thepurposes of this disclosure, “at least one of X, Y, and Z” and “at leastone selected from the group consisting of X, Y, and Z” may be construedas X only, Y only, Z only, or any combination of two or more of X, Y,and Z, such as, for instance, XYZ, XYY, YZ, and ZZ. As used herein, theterm “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of theassociated listed items.

Although the terms “first,” “second,” etc. may be used herein todescribe various types of elements, these elements should not be limitedby these terms. These terms are used to distinguish one element fromanother element. Thus, a first element discussed below could be termed asecond element without departing from the teachings of the disclosure.

Spatially relative terms, such as “beneath,” “below,” “under,” “lower,”“above,” “upper,” “over,” “higher,” “side” (e.g., as in “sidewall”), andthe like, may be used herein for descriptive purposes, and, thereby, todescribe one elements relationship to another element(s) as illustratedin the drawings. Spatially relative terms are intended to encompassdifferent orientations of an apparatus in use, operation, and/ormanufacture in addition to the orientation depicted in the drawings. Forexample, if the apparatus in the drawings is turned over, elementsdescribed as “below” or “beneath” other elements or features would thenbe oriented “above” the other elements or features. Thus, the exemplaryterm “below” can encompass both an orientation of above and below.Furthermore, the apparatus may be otherwise oriented (e.g., rotated 90degrees or at other orientations), and, as such, the spatially relativedescriptors used herein interpreted accordingly.

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particularembodiments and is not intended to be limiting. As used herein, thesingular forms, “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to include the pluralforms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Moreover,the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” and/or “including,”when used in this specification, specify the presence of statedfeatures, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/orgroups thereof, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one ormore other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components,and/or groups thereof. It is also noted that, as used herein, the terms“substantially,” “about,” and other similar terms, are used as terms ofapproximation and not as terms of degree, and, as such, are utilized toaccount for inherent deviations in measured, calculated, and/or providedvalues that would be recognized by one of ordinary skill in the art.

Various exemplary embodiments are described herein with reference tosectional and/or exploded illustrations that are schematic illustrationsof idealized exemplary embodiments and/or intermediate structures. Assuch, variations from the shapes of the illustrations as a result, forexample, of manufacturing techniques and/or tolerances, are to beexpected. Thus, exemplary embodiments disclosed herein should notnecessarily be construed as limited to the particular illustrated shapesof regions, but are to include deviations in shapes that result from,for instance, manufacturing. In this manner, regions illustrated in thedrawings may be schematic in nature and the shapes of these regions maynot reflect actual shapes of regions of a device and, as such, are notnecessarily intended to be limiting.

Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientificterms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by oneof ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure is a part. Terms,such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should beinterpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning inthe context of the relevant art and should not be interpreted in anidealized or overly formal sense, unless expressly so defined herein.

A compound according to some exemplary embodiments of the invention maybe a metallic compound having the following refractive index.

n_(620 nm)≤about 1.60

n_(530 nm)≤about 1.65

n_(460 nm)≤about 1.68

In some exemplary embodiments, the metallic compound may be representedby Formula 1 below.

In Formula 1,

M may be a metal ion,

L₁ to L₆ may each independently be selected from a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkylene group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₂-C₆₀ alkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀alkynylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₄-C₆₀ carbocyclicgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group, —O—,—S—, —C(═O)—, —C(═S)—, —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)-, —N(Q₁)-, —B(Q₁)-, —P(Q₁)-,—P(═O)(Q₁)-, and —Ge(Q₁)(Q₂)-,

a1 to a6 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 3,

R₁ to R₆ may each independently be selected from hydrogen, deuterium,—F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, anamidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedmonovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a substituted orunsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,—Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —N(Q₁)(Q₂), —B(Q₁)(Q₂), —P(Q₁)(Q₂), —C(═O)(Q₁),—S(═O)₂(Q₁), and —P(═O)(Q₁)(Q₂),

l, m, and n may each independently be an integer from 0 and 2, and

at least one substituent selected from the substituted C₁-C₆₀ alkylgroup, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ alkylene group, the substituted C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group, the substituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenylene group, the substitutedC₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, the substituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynylene group, thesubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylgroup, the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, the substitutedC₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenylgroup, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, the substituted, a C₆-C₆₀arylene group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, the substitutedC₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, thesubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group, the substituted monovalentnon-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, the substituted monovalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, the substituted C₄-C₆₀carbocyclic group, and the substituted C₁-C₀) heterocyclic group may beselected from:

deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C1-C60alkyl group, a C2-C60 alkenyl group, a C2-C60 alkynyl group, and aC1-C60 alkoxy group;

a C1-C60 alkyl group, a C2-C60 alkenyl group, a C2-C60 alkynyl group,and a C1-C60 alkoxy group, each substituted with at least one selectedfrom deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, anitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, aC₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylgroup, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group,a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,—Si(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂)(Q₁₃), —N(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —B(Q11)(Q12), —C(═O)(Q11),—S(═O)2(Q11), and —P(═O)(Q11)(Q12);

a C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group, a C3-C10cycloalkenyl group, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a C6-C60 arylgroup, a C6-C60 aryloxy group, a C6-C60 arylthio group, a C1-C60heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group,and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group;

a C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group, a C3-C10cycloalkenyl group, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a C6-C₆₀ arylgroup, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group,and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, eachsubstituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I,a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, ahydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₆-C₆₀alkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylgroup, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, amonovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂)(Q₂₃),—N(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —B(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —C(═O)(Q₂₁), —S(═O)₂(Q21), and—P(═O)(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂); and

—Si(Q31)(Q32)(Q33), —N(Q31)(Q32), —B(Q31)(Q32), —C(═O)(Q31),—S(═O)2(Q31), and —P(═O)(Q31)(Q32),

wherein Q1, Q2, Q3, Q11, Q12, Q13, Q21, Q22, Q23, Q31, Q32, and Q33 mayeach independently be selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br,—I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, ahydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylgroup, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group,a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, a biphenylgroup, and a terphenyl group.

In Formula 1, when a1 to a6 are 2 or more, each of L1 to L6 may beidentical to or different from each other.

In addition, in Formula 1, when 1, m, and n are 2 or more, each of R2,R4, and R6 may be identical to or different from each other.

When a compound having a structure of Formula 1 having the refractiveindex in the above range at about 620 nm, about 530 nm, and about 460 nmaccording to some exemplary embodiments is used in a capping layer or athin-film encapsulation portion of an electronic apparatus, externalquantum efficiency is improved.

In Formula 1, a dashed line between O (oxygen) and O (oxygen) indicatesthat a bond between oxygen-carbon-oxygen is conjugated.

Formula 1 may be represented by Formula 1-1.

In Formula 1, when 1, m, and n are 2, a bond between C and C becomes adouble bond.

For example, when 1 in Formula 1 is 2,

becomes

Herein, each R₂ may be identical to or different from each other, andeach L₂ may be identical to or different from each other.

In some exemplary embodiments, M in Formula 1 may be selected from Al,Ir, Rh, Mn, Co, Fe, Ni, Zr, In, Nb, W, Os, and Bi ions. For example, Mmay be Al, Ir, or Bi ion.

In some exemplary embodiments, Formula 1 may be represented by Formula 2below:

Formula 2 may correspond to a case in which each of l, m, and n inFormula 1 is 0.

In Formula 2, M is the same as described in connection with M in Formula1, R11 to R13 are the same as described in connection with R1 in Formula1, L11 to L13 are the same as described in connection with L1 in Formula1, and a11 to a13 are the same as described in connection with a1 inFormula 1.

In some exemplary embodiments, a11 to a13 in Formula 2 may eachindependently be 0 or 1, and R11 to R13 may each independently beselected from a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 alkyl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, and a substituted or unsubstitutedC1-C60 heteroaryl group.

In some exemplary embodiments, R11 to R13 in Formula 2 may eachindependently be selected from Formulae 2a to 2d:

In Formulae 2a to 2d,

H1 may be O or S, and Z11 to Z20 may each independently be selected fromhydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group,a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, ahydrazone group, a carboxylic acid or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid ora salt thereof, a phosphoric acid or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₂₀ alkylgroup, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, aterphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, aspiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenylgroup, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a pyrenyl group, achrysenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinylgroup, a pyridazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group,a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, adibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a triazinyl group, abenzimidazolyl group, and a phenanthrolinyl group,

b11 may be an integer from 1 to 5, b17 may be an integer from 1 to 3,and * indicates a binding site to a neighboring atom.

In some exemplary embodiments, a compound represented by Formula 2 maybe selected from compounds below.

In some exemplary embodiments, Formula 1 may be represented by Formula 3below:

Formula 3 may correspond to a case in which each of l, m, and n inFormula 1 is 2.

In Formula 3, M is the same as described in connection with M in Formula1, R21 to R29 are the same as described in connection with R1 in Formula1, adjacent substituents in R21 to R29 are linked to form a ring, L21 toL29 are the same as described in connection with L1 in Formula 1, anda21 to a29 are the same as described in connection with a1 in Formula 1.

In some exemplary embodiments, a21 to a29 in Formula 3 may eachindependently be 0 or 1, and R21 to R29 may each independently beselected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, acyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, ahydrazone group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 alkyl group, anda substituted or unsubstituted C2-C60 alkenyl group.

In some exemplary embodiments, R₂₁ to R₂₉ in Formula 3 may eachindependently be selected from hydrogen, deuterium, a methyl group, anda cyano group.

In some exemplary embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 3 maybe selected from compounds below.

In some exemplary embodiments, a value of S₁ absorption energy of thecompound represented by Formula 1 may be about 3.15 eV or more. When thevalue of S₁ absorption energy is about 3.15 eV or more, absorption ofvisible light may be minimized, and thus, there is little effect on theefficiency reduction.

In some exemplary embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 1 maybe substantially symmetric. A compound represented by Formula 1 has anoctahedral structure, and thus, polarizability is reduced, resulting indecrease in the refractive index. When the compound of Formula 1 issubstantially symmetric, there is a tendency that the refractive indexdecreases.

Electronic Apparatus

An electronic apparatus according to some exemplary embodiments includesa substrate; and an electronic device located on the substrate, whereinthe electronic device may include a capping layer, and the capping layermay include the compound represented by Formula 1. In some exemplaryembodiments, the capping layer of the electronic device may include thecompound of Formula 2 or Formula 3.

An electronic apparatus according to some exemplary embodiments includesa substrate; an electronic device located on the substrate; and anencapsulating member encapsulating the electronic device,

wherein the encapsulating member may include a compound represented byFormula 2:

In Formula 2,

M may be a metal ion,

L11 to L13 may each independently be selected from a substituted orunsubstituted C1-C60 alkylene group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC2-C60 alkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C60alkynylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C4-C60 carbocyclicgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 heterocyclic group, —O—,—S—, —C(═O)—, —C(═S)—, —Si(Q1)(Q2)-, —N(Q1)-, —B(Q1)-, —P(Q1)-,—P(═O)(Q1)-, and —Ge(Q1)(Q2)-,

a11 to a13 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 3,

R11 to R13 may each independently be selected from hydrogen, deuterium,—F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, anamidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a substituted orunsubstituted C1-C60 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C60alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C60 alkynyl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 alkoxy group, a substituted orunsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60 arylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60 aryloxy group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C6-C60 arylthio group, a substituted orunsubstituted C1-C60 heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedmonovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a substituted orunsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,—Si(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), —N(Q1)(Q2), —B(Q1)(Q2), —P(Q1)(Q2), —C(═O)(Q1),—S(═O)2(Q1), and —P(═O)(Q1)(Q2), and

at least one substituent selected from the substituted C1-C60 alkylgroup, the substituted C1-C60 alkylene group, the substituted C2-C60alkenyl group, the substituted C2-C60 alkenylene group, the substitutedC2-C60 alkynyl group, the substituted C2-C60 alkynylene group, thesubstituted C1-C60 alkoxy group, the substituted C3-C10 cycloalkylgroup, the substituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group, the substitutedC3-C10 cycloalkenyl group, the substituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkenylgroup, the substituted C6-C60 aryl group, the substituted, a C6-C60arylene group, the substituted C6-C60 aryloxy group, the substitutedC6-C60 arylthio group, the substituted C1-C60 heteroaryl group, thesubstituted C1-C60 heteroarylene group, the substituted monovalentnon-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, the substituted monovalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, the substituted C4-C60carbocyclic group, and the substituted C1-C60 heterocyclic group may beselected from:

deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C1-C60alkyl group, a C2-C60 alkenyl group, a C2-C60 alkynyl group, and aC1-C60 alkoxy group;

a C1-C60 alkyl group, a C2-C60 alkenyl group, a C2-C60 alkynyl group,and a C1-C60 alkoxy group, each substituted with at least one selectedfrom deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, anitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, aC3-C10 cycloalkyl group, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group, a C3-C10cycloalkenyl group, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a C6-C60 arylgroup, a C6-C60 aryloxy group, a C6-C60 arylthio group, a C1-C60heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group,a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,—Si(Q11)(Q12)(Q13), —N(Q11)(Q12), —B(Q11)(Q12), —C(═O)(Q11),—S(═O)2(Q11), and —P(═O)(Q11)(Q12);

a C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group, a C3-C10cycloalkenyl group, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a C6-C60 arylgroup, a C6-C60 aryloxy group, a C6-C60 arylthio group, a C1-C60heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group,and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group;

a C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group, a C3-C10cycloalkenyl group, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a C6-C60 arylgroup, a C6-C60 aryloxy group, a C6-C60 arylthio group, a C1-C60heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group,and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, eachsubstituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I,a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, ahydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C1-C60 alkyl group, a C2-C60alkenyl group, a C2-C60 alkynyl group, a C1-C60 alkoxy group, a C3-C10cycloalkyl group, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group, a C3-C10 cycloalkenylgroup, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a C6-C60 aryl group, a C6-C60aryloxy group, a C6-C60 arylthio group, a C1-C60 heteroaryl group, amonovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q21)(Q22)(Q23),—N(Q21)(Q22), —B(Q21)(Q22), —C(═O)(Q21), —S(═O)2(Q21), and—P(═O)(Q21)(Q22); and

—Si(Q31)(Q32)(Q33), —N(Q31)(Q32), —B(Q31)(Q32), —C(═O)(Q31),—S(═O)2(Q31), and —P(═O)(Q31)(Q32),

wherein Q1, Q2, Q3, Q11, Q12, Q13, Q21, Q22, Q23, Q31, Q32, and Q33 mayeach independently be selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br,—I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, ahydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C1-C60 alkyl group, a C2-C60alkenyl group, a C2-C60 alkynyl group, a C1-C60 alkoxy group, a C3-C10cycloalkyl group, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group, a C3-C10 cycloalkenylgroup, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a C6-C60 aryl group, a C1-C60heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group,a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, a biphenylgroup, and a terphenyl group.

In some exemplary embodiments, the encapsulating member may include athin film in the form of a thin-film encapsulating portion of theencapsulating member. In some exemplary embodiments, the thin-filmencapsulating portion may include the compound of Formula 2.

In some exemplary embodiments, the electronic device of the electronicapparatus may be an organic light-emitting device, wherein the organiclight-emitting device may include a first electrode; a second electrodefacing the first electrode; and an organic layer located between thefirst electrode and the second electrode and including an emissionlayer.

In some exemplary embodiments, the first electrode is an anode, thesecond electrode is a cathode, the organic layer located between thefirst electrode and the second electrode and including the emissionlayer may include i) a hole transport region located between the firstelectrode and the emission layer and including a hole injection layer, ahole transport layer, a buffer layer, an electron blocking layer, or anycombination thereof and ii) an electron transport region located betweenthe emission layer and the second electrode and including a holeblocking layer, an electron transport layer, an electron injectionlayer, or any combination thereof.

In some exemplary embodiments, the emission layer may include a quantumdot.

In some exemplary embodiments, the electronic apparatus may furtherinclude a thin-film transistor, the thin-film transistor may include asource electrode, a drain electrode, an activation layer, and a gateelectrode, and the first electrode of the organic light-emitting devicemay be electrically connected to one of the source electrode and thedrain electrode of the thin-film transistor.

Description of FIG. 1

FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional diagram of an exemplary embodimentof an electronic apparatus constructed according to principles of theinvention.

Referring to FIG. 1 , the electronic apparatus 50 includes a substrate300, an organic light-emitting device 400 (also referred to as anelectronic device 400), and a thin-film encapsulation portion 500. Insome exemplary embodiments, the thin-film encapsulating portion 500 mayinclude the compound of Formula 2. In some exemplary embodiments, acapping layer in the organic light-emitting device 400 may include thecompound of Formula 1.

Any substrate that is used in an organic light-emitting displayapparatus may be used as the substrate 300, which may be an inorganicsubstrate or an organic substrate, each having excellent mechanicalstrength, thermal stability, transparency, surface smoothness, ease ofhandling, and water resistance.

For example, the substrate 300 may be the inorganic substrate made of atransparent glass material containing a SiO2 as a main component, but isnot limited thereto.

As another example, the substrate 300 may be the organic substratehaving insulating properties. A material of the organic substrate havinginsulating properties may be selected from a polyethersulphone (PES), apolyacrylate (PAR), a polyetherimide (PEI), a polyethylene napthalate(PEN), a polyethylene terepthalate (PET), a polyphenylene sulfide (PPS),a polyallylate, a polyimide, a polycarbonate (PC), a cellulosetriacetate (TAC), and a cellulose acetate propionate (CAP), but is notlimited thereto.

The electronic device 400 is located on the substrate 300. Theelectronic device 400 may include a first electrode, an intermediatelayer including the emission layer, and a second electrode, ashereinafter described. The electronic device 400 may be the organiclight-emitting device, at least one exemplary embodiment of which isdiscussed below.

The electronic device 400 may include a capping layer, and the thin-filmencapsulating portion 500 may be located on the electronic device 400.

For example, the capping layer may include two or more layers by using amaterial having a large refractive index and a material having a smallrefractive index alternately. The material having a small refractiveindex may be the compound of Formula 1 according to some exemplaryembodiments. When the capping layer includes multiple layers,constructive interference may occur, and thus, external quantumefficiency may further increase.

The thin-film encapsulating portion 500 may include the compound ofFormula 2.

In some exemplary embodiments, the thin-film encapsulating portion 500may further include a metal, a metal halide, a metal nitride, a metaloxide, a metal oxynitride, a silicon nitride, a silicon nitride, asilicon oxide, and a silicon oxynitride.

In some exemplary embodiments, the thin-film encapsulating portion 500may further include an inorganic film, wherein the inorganic film mayinclude a metal, a metal halide, a metal nitride, a metal oxide, a metaloxynitride, a silicon nitride, a silicon nitride, a silicon oxide, and asilicon oxynitride.

For example, the inorganic film in the thin-film encapsulating portion500 may include at least one of MgF2, LiF, AlF3, NaF, a silicon oxide, asilicon nitride, a silicon oxynitride, an aluminum oxide, an aluminumnitride, an aluminum oxynitride, a titanium oxide, a titanium nitride, atantalum oxide, a tantalum nitride, a hafnium oxide, a hafnium nitride,a zirconium oxide, a zirconium nitride, a cerium oxide, a ceriumnitride, a tin oxide, a tin nitride, and a magnesium oxide.

The inorganic film may be formed in a certain region by using one ormore suitable methods selected from chemical vapor deposition (CVD),plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), sputtering, atomlayer deposition (ALD), thermal evaporation, and the like. The numberand thicknesses of inorganic films may be appropriately selectedconsidering productivity, device characteristics, or the like.

In some exemplary embodiments, the electronic device 400 may be anorganic light-emitting device.

Description of FIG. 2

FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional diagram of an exemplary embodimentof an organic light-emitting device constructed according to principlesof the invention.

The organic light-emitting device 10 includes a first electrode 110, anorganic layer 150, and a second electrode 190. Hereinafter, thestructure of the organic light-emitting device 10 according to someexemplary embodiments and an exemplary method of manufacturing theorganic light-emitting device 10 will be described in connection withFIG. 2 .

First Electrode 110

In FIG. 2 , a substrate may be additionally located under the firstelectrode 110 or above the second electrode 190. The substrate may be aglass substrate or a plastic substrate, each having excellent mechanicalstrength, thermal stability, transparency, surface smoothness, ease ofhandling, and water resistance.

The first electrode 110 may be formed by depositing or sputtering amaterial for forming the first electrode 110 on the substrate. When thefirst electrode 110 is an anode, the material for forming the firstelectrode 110 may be selected from materials with a high work functionto facilitate hole injection.

The first electrode 110 may be a reflective electrode, asemi-transmissive electrode, or a transmissive electrode. When the firstelectrode 110 is a transmissive electrode, a material for forming afirst electrode may be selected from an indium tin oxide (ITO), anindium zinc oxide (IZO), a tin oxide (SnO2), a zinc oxide (ZnO), and anycombinations thereof, but the exemplary embodiments of the presentinvention are not limited thereto. In one or more exemplary embodiments,when the first electrode 110 is a semi-transmissive electrode or areflective electrode, a material for forming the first electrode 110 maybe selected from magnesium (Mg), silver (Ag), aluminum (Al),aluminum-lithium (Al—Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg—In),magnesium-silver (Mg—Ag), and any combinations thereof, but theexemplary embodiments are not limited thereto.

The first electrode 110 may have a single-layered structure, or amulti-layered structure including two or more layers. For example, thefirst electrode 110 may have a three-layered structure of ITO/Ag/ITO,but the structure of the first electrode 110 is not limited thereto.

Organic Layer 150

The organic layer 150 may be located on the first electrode 110. Theorganic layer 150 may include the emission layer

The organic layer 150 may further include a hole transport regionbetween the first electrode 110 and the emission layer and an electrontransport region between the emission layer and the second electrode190.

Hole Transport Region in Organic Layer 150

The hole transport region may have i) a single-layered structureconsisting of a single layer consisting of a single material, ii) asingle-layered structure consisting of a single layer consisting of aplurality of different materials, or iii) a multi-layered structurehaving a plurality of layers consisting of a plurality of differentmaterials.

The hole transport region may include at least one layer selected from ahole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an emission auxiliarylayer, and an electron blocking layer.

For example, the hole transport region may have a single-layeredstructure consisting of a single layer consisting of a plurality ofdifferent materials, or a multi-layered structure having a holeinjection layer/hole transport layer structure, a hole injectionlayer/hole transport layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, a holeinjection layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, a hole transportlayer/emission auxiliary layer structure, or a hole injection layer/holetransport layer/electron blocking layer structure, wherein for eachstructure, constituent layers are sequentially stacked from the firstelectrode 110 in this stated order, but the structure of the holetransport region is not limited thereto.

In some exemplary embodiments, the hole transport region may include atleast one selected from 4,4′,4″-tris(3-methylphenylphenylamino)triphenylamine (m-MTDATA), 4,4′,4″-tris(N,N-diphenylamino)triphenylamine(TDATA), 4,4′,4″-tris{N,-2-naphthyl-N-(phenyl)amino}-triphenylamine(2-TNATA), 4,4′-bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl (NPB or NPD),N4,N4′-di(naphthalen-2-yl)-N4,N4′-diphenyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4,4′-diamine(β-NPB),N,N′-bis(3-methylphenyl)-N,N-diphenyl-[1,1-biphenyl]-4,4′-diamine (TPD),4(N,N′-bis(3-methylphenyl)-N,N′-diphenyl-9,9-spirobifluorene-2,7-diamine(spiro-TPD), 2,7-bis[N-(1-naphthyl)anilino]-9,9′-spirobi[9H-fluorene](spiro-NPB),2,2′-dimethyl-N,N-di-[(1-naphthyl)-N,N′-diphenyl]-1,1′-biphenyl-4,4′-diamine(methylated-NPB), 4,4′-cyclohexylidenebis[N,N-bis(4-methylphenyl)benzenamine] (TAPC),4,4′-bis[N,N′-(3-tolyl)amino]-3,3′-dimethylbiphenyl (HMTPD),4,4′,4″-tris(N-carbazolyl)triphenylamine (TCTA),polyaniline/dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (PANI/DBSA),poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT/PSS),polyaniline/camphor sulfonic acid (PANI/CSA), andpolyaniline/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PANI/PSS):

The thickness of the hole transport region may be in a range of about100 Å to about 10,000 Å, for example, about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å. Whenthe hole transport region includes at least one selected from the holeinjection layer and the hole transport layer, the thickness of the holeinjection layer may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 9,000 Å, forexample, about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å, and the thickness of the holetransport layer may be in a range of about 50 Å to about 2,000 Å, forexample, about 100 Å to about 1,500 Å. When the thicknesses of the holetransport region, the hole injection layer, and the hole transport layerare within these ranges, satisfactory hole transporting characteristicsmay be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

The emission auxiliary layer may increase light-emission efficiency bycompensating for an optical resonance distance according to thewavelength of light emitted by the emission layer, and the electronblocking layer may block the flow of electrons from an electrontransport region. The emission auxiliary layer and the electron blockinglayer may include the materials as described above.

p-Dopant

The hole transport region may further include, in addition to thesematerials, a charge-generation material for the improvement ofconductive properties. The charge-generation material may behomogeneously or non-homogeneously dispersed in the hole transportregion.

The charge-generation material may be, for example, a p-dopant.

In some exemplary embodiments, the p-dopant may have a lowest unoccupiedmolecular orbital (LUMO) energy level of about −3.5 eV or less.

The p-dopant may include at least one selected from a quinonederivative, a metal oxide, and a cyano group-containing compound, butthe exemplary embodiments are not limited thereto. In some exemplaryembodiments, the p-dopant may include at least one selected from:

a quinone derivative, such as tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) or2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4-TCNQ);

a metal oxide, such as tungsten oxide or molybdenum oxide;

1,4,5,8,9,12-hexaazatriphenylene-hexacarbonitrile (HAT-CN); and

a compound represented by Formula 221 below,

but the exemplary embodiments are not limited thereto:

In Formula 221,

R₂₂₁ to R₂₂₃ may each independently be selected from a substituted orunsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted monovalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, wherein at least oneselected from R₂₂₁ to R₂₂₃ may have at least one substituent selectedfrom a cyano group, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group substitutedwith —F, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group substituted with —Cl, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl groupsubstituted with —Br, and a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group substituted with —I.

Emission Layer in Organic Layer 150

When the organic light-emitting device 10 is a full-color organiclight-emitting device, the emission layer may be patterned into a redemission layer, a green emission layer, or a blue emission layer,according to a representative sub-pixel. In one or more exemplaryembodiments, the emission layer may have a stacked structure of two ormore layers selected from a red emission layer, a green emission layer,and a blue emission layer, in which the two or more layers contact eachother or are separated from each other. In one or more exemplaryembodiments, the emission layer may include two or more materialsselected from a red light-emitting material, a green light-emittingmaterial, and a blue light-emitting material, in which the two or morematerials are mixed with each other in a single layer to emit whitelight.

The emission layer may include a host and a dopant. The dopant mayinclude at least one selected from a phosphorescent dopant and afluorescent dopant.

In the emission layer, the amount of the dopant may be in a range ofabout 0.01 parts by weight to about 15 parts by weight based on 100parts by weight of the host, but the exemplary embodiments are notlimited thereto.

The thickness of the emission layer may be in a range of about 100 Å toabout 1,000 Å, for example, about 200 Å to about 600 Å. When thethickness of the emission layer is within this range, excellentlight-emission characteristics may be obtained without a substantialincrease in driving voltage.

The emission layer may include a quantum dot.

Host in Emission Layer

In one or more exemplary embodiments, the host may include a compoundrepresented by Formula 301 below:[Ar₃₀₁]_(xb11)-[(L₃₀₁)_(xb1)-R₃₀₁]_(xb21)  <Formula 301>

In Formula 301,

Ar₃₀₁ may be a substituted or unsubstituted C₄-C₆₀ carbocyclic group ora substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group,

xb11 may be 1, 2, or 3,

L₃₀₁ may be selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylenegroup, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,

xb1 may be an integer from 0 to 5,

R₃₀₁ may be selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group,a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, ahydrazono group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted orunsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, asubstituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensedheteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂)(Q₃₀₃), —N(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂),—B(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₀₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₀₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂),

xb21 may be an integer from 1 to 5, and

Q₃₀₁ to Q₃₀₃ may each independently be selected from a C₁-C₁₀ alkylgroup, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, aterphenyl group, and a naphthyl group, but the exemplary embodiments arenot limited thereto.

In some exemplary embodiments, Ar₃₀₁ in Formula 301 may be selectedfrom:

a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, abenzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group, a phenalene group, aphenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, atriphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a naphthacenegroup, a picene group, a perylene group, a pentaphene group, anindenoanthracene group, a dibenzofuran group, and a dibenzothiophenegroup; and

a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, abenzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group, a phenalene group, aphenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, atriphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a naphthacenegroup, a picene group, a perylene group, a pentaphene group, anindenoanthracene group, a dibenzofuran group, and a dibenzothiophenegroup, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F,—Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidinogroup, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, aC₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenylgroup, a naphthyl group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),—C(═O)(Q₃₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), wherein Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ mayeach independently be selected from a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, and anaphthyl group, but the exemplary embodiments are not limited thereto.

When xb11 in Formula 301 is 2 or more, two or more Ar₃₀₁(s) may belinked to each other via a single bond.

In one or more exemplary embodiments, the compound represented byFormula 301 may be represented by Formula 301-1 or 301-2 below:

In Formulae 301-1 and 301-2,

A₃₀₁ to A₃₀₄ may each independently be selected from benzene, anaphthalene, a phenanthrene, a fluoranthene, a triphenylene, a pyrene, achrysene, a pyridine, a pyrimidine, an indene, a fluorene, aspiro-bifluorene, a benzofluorene, a dibenzofluorene, an indole, acarbazole, a benzocarbazole, a dibenzocarbazole, a furan, a benzofuran,a dibenzofuran, a naphthofuran, a benzonaphthofuran, a dinaphthofuran, athiophene, a benzothiophene, a dibenzothiophene, a naphthothiophene, abenzonaphthothiophene, and a dinaphthothiophene,

X₃₀₁ may be O, S, or N-[(L₃₀₄)_(xb4)-R₃₀₄],

R₃₁₁ to R₃₁₄ may each independently be selected from hydrogen,deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, aterphenyl group, a naphthyl group —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),—B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(O₃₁)(O₃₂),

xb22 and xb23 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2,

L₃₀₁, xb1, R₃₀₁, and Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each be understood by referring tothe descriptions presented above,

L₃₀₂ to L₃₀₄ may each be understood by referring to the descriptionpresented in connection with L₃₀₁ above,

xb2 to xb4 may each be understood by referring to the descriptionpresented in connection with xb1 above, and

R₃₀₂ to R₃₀₄ may each be understood by referring to the descriptionpresented in connection with R₃₀₁ above.

For example, L₃₀₁ to L₃₀₄ in Formulae 301, 301-1, and 301-2 may eachindependently be selected from:

a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, aspiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, adibenzofluorenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an anthracenylenegroup, a fluoranthenylene group, a triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylenegroup, a chrysenylene group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylenegroup, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a thiophenylenegroup, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, an indolylene group,an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a benzothiophenylenegroup, a dibenzofuranylene group, a dibenzothiophenylene group, abenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzocarbazolylene group, adibenzosilolylene group, a pyridinylene group, an imidazolylene group, apyrazolylene group, a thiazolylene group, an isothiazolylene group, anoxazolylene group, an isoxazolylene group, a thiadiazolylene group, anoxadiazolylene group, a pyrazinylene group, a pyrimidinylene group, apyridazinylene group, a triazinylene group, a quinolinylene group, anisoquinolinylene group, a benzoquinolinylene group, a phthalazinylenegroup, a naphthyridinylene group, a quinoxalinylene group, aquinazolinylene group, a cinnolinylene group, a phenanthridinylenegroup, an acridinylene group, a phenanthrolinylene group, aphenazinylene group, a benzimidazolylene group, an isobenzothiazolylenegroup, a benzoxazolylene group, an isobenzoxazolylene group, atriazolylene group, a tetrazolylene group, an imidazopyridinylene group,an imidazopyrimidinylene group, and an azacarbazolylene group; and

a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, aspiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, adibenzofluorenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an anthracenylenegroup, a fluoranthenylene group, a triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylenegroup, a chrysenylene group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylenegroup, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a thiophenylenegroup, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, an indolylene group,an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a benzothiophenylenegroup, a dibenzofuranylene group, a dibenzothiophenylene group, abenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzocarbazolylene group, adibenzosilolylene group, a pyridinylene group, an imidazolylene group, apyrazolylene group, a thiazolylene group, an isothiazolylene group, anoxazolylene group, an isoxazolylene group, a thiadiazolylene group, anoxadiazolylene group, a pyrazinylene group, a pyrimidinylene group, apyridazinylene group, a triazinylene group, a quinolinylene group, anisoquinolinylene group, a benzoquinolinylene group, a phthalazinylenegroup, a naphthyridinylene group, a quinoxalinylene group, aquinazolinylene group, a cinnolinylene group, a phenanthridinylenegroup, an acridinylene group, a phenanthrolinylene group, aphenazinylene group, a benzimidazolylene group, an isobenzothiazolylenegroup, a benzoxazolylene group, an isobenzoxazolylene group, atriazolylene group, a tetrazolylene group, an imidazopyridinylene group,an imidazopyrimidinylene group, and an azacarbazolylene group, eachsubstituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I,a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, ahydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, anaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, abenzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group,an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, apyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenylgroup, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, afuranyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolylgroup, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranylgroup, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, adibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, animidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolylgroup, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, anoxadiazolyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinylgroup, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, abenzoquinolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, aquinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, aphenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, aphenazinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, abenzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, atetrazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinylgroup, an azacarbazolyl group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),—B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),

wherein Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ are the same as described above.

In some exemplary embodiments, R₃₀₁ to R₃₀₄ in Formulae 301, 301-1, and301-2 may each independently be selected from:

a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, afluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenylgroup, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, apentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolylgroup, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, abenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenylgroup, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, adibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, an imidazolyl group, apyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolylgroup, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group,a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinylgroup, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinylgroup, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinylgroup, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinylgroup, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group,a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolylgroup, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group,an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, and anazacarbazolyl group; and

a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, afluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenylgroup, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, apentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolylgroup, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, abenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenylgroup, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, adibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, an imidazolyl group, apyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolylgroup, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group,a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinylgroup, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinylgroup, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinylgroup, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinylgroup, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group,a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolylgroup, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group,an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, and anazacarbazolyl group, each substituted with at least one selected fromdeuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, aterphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, aspiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenylgroup, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenylgroup, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, aperylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenylgroup, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, anindolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, abenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenylgroup, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, adibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, an imidazolyl group, apyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolylgroup, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group,a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinylgroup, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinylgroup, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinylgroup, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinylgroup, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group,a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolylgroup, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group,an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, an azacarbazolylgroup, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁),—S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),

wherein Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ are the same as described above.

In one or more exemplary embodiments, the host may include an alkalineearth metal complex. For example, the host may be selected from a Becomplex (for example, Compound H55), a Mg complex, and a Zn complex.

The host may include at least one selected from9,10-di(2-naphthyl)anthracene (ADN),2-methyl-9,10-bis(naphthalen-2-yl)anthracene (MADN),9,10-di-(2-naphthyl)-2-t-butyl-anthracene (TBADN),4,4′-bis(N-carbazolyl)-1,1′-biphenyl (CBP), 1,3-di-9-carbazolylbenzene(mCP), 1,3,5-tri(carbazol-9-yl)benzene (TCP), and Compounds H1 to H55below, but the exemplary embodiments are not limited thereto:

Phosphorescent dopant included in emission layer in the organic layer150

The phosphorescent dopant may include an organometallic complexrepresented by Formula 401 below:

In Formulae 401 and 402,

M may be selected from iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd),osmium (Os), titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), europium (Eu),terbium (Tb), rhodium (Rh), and thulium (Tm),

L₄₀₁ may be selected from ligands represented by Formula 402, and xc1may be 1, 2, or 3, wherein, when xc1 is 2 or more, two or more L₄₀₁(s)may be identical to or different from each other,

L₄₀₂ may be an organic ligand, and xc2 may be an integer from 0 to 4,wherein, when xc2 is 2 or more, two or more L₄₀₂(s) may be identical toor different from each other,

X₄₀₁ to X₄₀₄ may each independently be nitrogen or carbon,

X₄₀₁ and X₄₀₃ may be linked to each other via a single bond or a doublebond, and X₄₀₂ and X₄₀₄ may be linked to each other via a single bond ora double bond,

A₄₀₁ and A₄₀₂ may each independently be selected from a C₄-C₆₀carbocyclic group or a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group,

X₄₀₅ may be a single bond, *—O—*′, *—S—*′, *—C(═O)—*′, *—N(Q₄₁₁)-*′,*—C(Q₄₁₁)(Q₄₁₂)-*′, *—C(Q₄₁₁)═C(Q₄₁₂)-*′, *—C(Q₄₁₁)=*′, or *═C(Q₄₁₁)=*′,wherein Q₄₁₁ and Q₄₁₂ may be hydrogen, deuterium, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group,a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenylgroup, or a naphthyl group,

X₄₀₆ may be a single bond, O, or S,

R₄₀₁ and R₄₀₂ may each independently be selected from hydrogen,deuterium, —F, —C1, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted monovalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂)(Q₄₀₃),—N(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂), —B(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂), —C(═O)(Q₄₀₁), —S(═O)₂ (Q₄₀₁), and—P(═O)(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂), and Q₄₀₁ to Q₄₀₃ may each independently be selectedfrom a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a C₆-C₂₀ aryl group,and a C₁-C₂₀ heteroaryl group,

xc11 and xc12 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 10, and

* and *′ in Formula 402 each indicate a binding site to M in Formula401.

In some exemplary embodiments, A₄₀₁ and A₄₀₂ in Formula 402 may eachindependently be selected from a benzene group, a naphthalene group, afluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, an indene group, a pyrrolegroup, a thiophene group, a furan group, an imidazole group, a pyrazolegroup, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxazole group, anisoxazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrazine group, a pyrimidine group,a pyridazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, abenzoquinoline group, a quinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, acarbazole group, a benzimidazole group, a benzofuran group, abenzothiophene group, an isobenzothiophene group, a benzoxazole group,an isobenzoxazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, anoxadiazole group, a triazine group, a dibenzofuran group, and adibenzothiophene group.

In one or more exemplary embodiments, in Formula 402, i) X₄₀₁ may benitrogen, and X₄₀₂ may be carbon, or ii) each of X₄₀₁ and X₄₀₂ may benitrogen.

In one or more exemplary embodiments, R₄₀₁ and R₄₀₂ in Formula 402 mayeach independently be selected from:

hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group,a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, aC₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, and a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group;

a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group and a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, each substituted with atleast one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, acyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, ahydrazono group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a cyclopentyl group,a cyclohexyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, and anorbornenyl group;

a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, an adamantanyl group, anorbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenylgroup, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, apyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinylgroup, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, aquinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, adibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group;

a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, an adamantanyl group, anorbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group a phenyl group, a biphenyl group,a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a pyridinylgroup, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, atriazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, aquinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, adibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group, each substitutedwith at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxylgroup, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazinogroup, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, acyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, an adamantanyl group, anorbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenylgroup, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, apyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinylgroup, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, aquinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, adibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group; and

—Si(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂)(Q₄₀₃), —N(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂), —B(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂), —C(═O)(Q₄₀₁),—S(═O)₂(Q₄₀₁), and —P(═O)(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂),

wherein Q₄₀₁ to Q₄₀₃ may each independently be selected from a C₁-C₁₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group,and a naphthyl group, but the exemplary embodiments are not limitedthereto.

In one or more exemplary embodiments, when xc1 in Formula 401 is 2 ormore, two A₄₀₁(s) in two or more L₄₀₁(s) may optionally be linked toeach other via X₄₀₇, which is a linking group, or two A₄₀₂(s) in two ormore L₄₀₁(s) may optionally be linked to each other via X₄₀₈, which is alinking group (see Compounds PD1 to PD4 and PD7). X₄₀₇ and X₄₀₈ may eachindependently be a single bond, *—O—*′, *—S—*′, *—C(═O)—*′,*—N(Q₄₁₃)-*′, *—C(Q₄₁₃)(Q₄₁₄)-*′, or *—C(Q₄₁₃)═C(Q₄₁₄)-*′ (wherein Q₄₁₃and Q₄₁₄ may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, a C₁-C₂₀ alkylgroup, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, aterphenyl group, or a naphthyl group), but the exemplary embodiments arenot limited thereto.

L₄₀₂ in Formula 401 may be a monovalent, divalent, or trivalent organicligand. For example, L₄₀₂ may be selected from halogen, diketone (forexample, acetylacetonate), carboxylic acid (for example, picolinate),—C(═O), isonitrile, —CN, and phosphorus (for example, phosphine orphosphite), but the exemplary embodiments are not limited thereto.

In one or more exemplary embodiments, the phosphorescent dopant may beselected from, for example, Compounds PD1 to PD25 below, but theexemplary embodiments are not limited thereto:

Fluorescent Dopant in Emission Layer

The fluorescent dopant may include an arylamine compound or astyrylamine compound. The fluorescent dopant may include a compoundrepresented by Formula 501 below:

In Formula 501,

Ar₅₀₁ may be a substituted or unsubstituted C₄-C₆₀ carbocyclic group ora substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group,

L₅₀₁ to L₅₀₃ may each independently be selected from a substituted orunsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylenegroup, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,

xd1 to xd3 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 3,

R₅₀₁ and R₅₀₂ may each independently be selected from a substituted orunsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedmonovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted orunsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,and

xd4 may be an integer from 1 to 6.

In some exemplary embodiments, Ar₅₀₁ in Formula 501 may be selectedfrom:

a naphthalene group, a heptalene group, a fluorene group, aspiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group,a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, afluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysenegroup, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, apentaphene group, an indenoanthracene group, and an indenophenanthrenegroup; and

a naphthalene group, a heptalene group, a fluorene group, aspiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group,a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, afluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysenegroup, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, apentaphene group, an indenoanthracene group, and an indenophenanthrenegroup, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F,—Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidinogroup, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, aC₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenylgroup, and a naphthyl group.

In one or more exemplary embodiments, L₅₀₁ to L₅₀₃ in Formula 501 mayeach independently be selected from:

a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, aspiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, adibenzofluorenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an anthracenylenegroup, a fluoranthenylene group, a triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylenegroup, a chrysenylene group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylenegroup, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a thiophenylenegroup, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, an indolylene group,an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a benzothiophenylenegroup, a dibenzofuranylene group, a dibenzothiophenylene group, abenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzocarbazolylene group, adibenzosilolylene group, and a pyridinylene group; and

a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, aspiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, adibenzofluorenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an anthracenylenegroup, a fluoranthenylene group, a triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylenegroup, a chrysenylene group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylenegroup, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a thiophenylenegroup, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, an indolylene group,an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a benzothiophenylenegroup, a dibenzofuranylene group, a dibenzothiophenylene group, abenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzocarbazolylene group, adibenzosilolylene group, and a pyridinylene group, each substituted withat least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxylgroup, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazinogroup, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, aphenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, afluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenylgroup, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, apentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolylgroup, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, abenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenylgroup, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, adibenzosilolyl group, and a pyridinyl group.

In one or more exemplary embodiments, R₅₀₁ and R₅₀₂ in Formula 501 mayeach independently be selected from:

a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, afluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenylgroup, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, apentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolylgroup, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, abenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenylgroup, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, adibenzosilolyl group, and a pyridinyl group; and

a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, afluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenylgroup, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, apentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolylgroup, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, abenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenylgroup, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, adibenzosilolyl group, and a pyridinyl group, each substituted with atleast one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, acyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, ahydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenylgroup, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, afluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenylgroup, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, apentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolylgroup, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, abenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenylgroup, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, adibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, and —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃),

wherein Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be selected from a C₁-C₁₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, aterphenyl group, and a naphthyl group.

In one or more exemplary embodiments, xd4 in Formula 501 may be 2, butthe exemplary embodiments are not limited thereto.

For example, the fluorescent dopant may be selected from Compounds FD1to FD22 below:

In one or more exemplary embodiments, the fluorescent dopant may beselected from the following compounds, but the exemplary embodiments arenot limited thereto.

Quantum Dot in Emission Layer

The compound of groups IV-VI may be selected from: a binary compoundselected from SnS, SnSe, SnTe, PbS, PbSe, PbTe, and any mixture thereof;a ternary compound selected from SnSeS, SnSeTe, SnSTe, PbSeS, PbSeTe,PbSTe, SnPbS, SnPbSe, SnPbTe, and any mixture thereof; and a quaternarycompound selected from SnPbSSe, SnPbSeTe, SnPbSTe, and any mixturethereof. The IV group element may be selected from Si, Ge, and anymixture thereof. The IV group compound may be a binary compound selectedfrom SiC, SiGe, and any mixture thereof.

The binary compound, the ternary compound, or the quaternary compoundmay be in particles at uniform concentration or may be in the sameparticle in a state in which a concentration distribution is partiallydifferent. In addition, the binary compound, the ternary compound, orthe quaternary compound may have a core-shell structure in which onequantum dot surrounds another quantum dot. An interface between the coreand the shell may have a concentration gradient in which theconcentration of atoms in the shell decreases toward the center.

In one or more exemplary embodiments, the quantum dot may have acore-shell structure including a core with the above-describednanoparticles and a shell surrounding the core. The shell of the quantumdot may serve as a protective layer for maintaining semiconductorcharacteristics by preventing chemical degeneration of the core and/ormay serve as a charging layer for imparting electrophoreticcharacteristics to the quantum dot. The shell may be a single layer or amultilayer. An interface between the core and the shell may have aconcentration gradient in which the concentration of atoms in the shelldecreases toward the center. Examples of the shell of the quantum dotmay include a metal or non-metal oxide, a semiconductor compound, or anycombination thereof.

For example, examples of the metal or non-metal oxide are a binarycompound such as SiO₂, Al₂O₃, TiO₂, ZnO, MnO, Mn₂O₃, Mn₃O₄, CuO, FeO,Fe₂O₃, Fe₃O₄, CoO, Co₃O₄, or NiO, or a ternary compound such as MgAl₂O₄,CoFe₂O₄, NiFe₂O₄, or CoMn₂O₄, but the exemplary embodiments are notlimited thereto.

In addition, examples of the semiconductor compound are CdS, CdSe, CdTe,ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, ZnSeS, ZnTeS, GaAs, GaP, GaSb, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, InAs,InP, InGaP, InSb, AlAs, AlP, AlSb, and the like, but the exemplaryembodiments are not limited thereto.

A full width of half maximum (FWHM) of an emission wavelength spectrumof the quantum dot may be about 45 nm or less, for example, about 40 nmor less, for example, about 30 nm or less. In addition, light emittedthrough such quantum dot is irradiated omnidirectionally, therebyimproving a wide viewing angle.

In addition, the shape of the quantum dot is not particularly limited tothe shape that is generally used in the art, but more specifically, agenerally spherical shape, a generally pyramidal shape, a generallymulti-arm shape, or a generally cubic shaped nanoparticle, a generallyshaped nanotube, a generally shaped nanowire, a generally shapednanofiber, or a generally shaped nanoplate particle may be used.

The quantum dot may adjust the color of emitted light according to theparticle size. Therefore, the quantum dot may have various emissioncolors such as blue, red, or green.

Electron Transport Region in Organic Layer 150

The electron transport region may have i) a single-layered structureconsisting of a single layer consisting of a single material, ii) asingle-layered structure consisting of a single layer consisting of aplurality of different materials, or iii) a multi-layered structurehaving a plurality of layers consisting of a plurality of differentmaterials.

The electron transport region may include at least one selected from abuffer layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, anelectron transport layer, and an electron injection layer, but theexemplary embodiments are not limited thereto.

For example, the electron transport region may have an electrontransport layer/electron injection layer structure, a hole blockinglayer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, anelectron control layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layerstructure, or an electron transport layer/electron injection layerstructure, wherein for each structure, constituent layers aresequentially stacked from the emission layer. However, the exemplaryembodiments of the structure of the electron transport region are notlimited thereto.

The electron transport region (for example, the buffer layer, the holeblocking layer, the electron control layer, or the electron transportlayer in the electron transport region) may include a metal-freecompound containing at least one π electron-depleted nitrogen-containingring.

The “π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing ring” indicates a C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group having at least one *—N═*′ moiety as a ring-formingmoiety.

For example, the “π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing ring” may bei) a 5-membered to 7-membered heteromonocyclic group having at least one*—N═*′ moiety, ii) a heteropolycyclic group in which two or more5-membered to 7-membered heteromonocyclic groups each having at leastone *—N═*′ moiety are condensed with each other, or iii) aheteropolycyclic group in which at least one of 5-membered to 7-memberedheteromonocyclic groups, each having at least one *—N═*′ moiety, iscondensed with at least one C₄-C₆₀ carbocyclic group.

Examples of the π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing ring include animidazole, a pyrazole, a thiazole, an isothiazole, an oxazole, anisoxazole, a pyridine, a pyrazine, a pyrimidine, a pyridazine, anindazole, a purine, a quinoline, an isoquinoline, a benzoquinoline, aphthalazine, a naphthyridine, a quinoxaline, a quinazoline, a cinnoline,a phenanthridine, an acridine, a phenanthroline, a phenazine, abenzimidazole, an isobenzothiazole, a benzoxazole, an isobenzoxazole, atriazole, a tetrazole, an oxadiazole, a triazine, a thiadiazole, animidazopyridine, an imidazopyrimidine, and an azacarbazole, but theexemplary embodiments are not limited thereto.

For example, the electron transport region may include a compoundrepresented by Formula 601 below:[Ar₆₀₁]_(xe11)-[(L₆₀₁)_(xe1)-R₆₀₁]_(xe21)  <Formula 601>

In Formula 601,

Ar₆₀₁ may be a substituted or unsubstituted C₄-C₆₀ carbocyclic group ora substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group,

xe11 may be 1, 2, or 3,

L₆₀₁ may be selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylenegroup, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalentnon-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,

xe1 may be an integer from 0 to 5,

R₆₀₁ may be selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensedpolycyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromaticcondensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₆₀₁)(Q₆₀₂)(Q₆₀₃), —C(═O)(Q₆₀₁),—S(═O)₂(Q₆₀₁), and —P(═O)(Q₆₀₁)(Q₆₀₂),

Q₆₀₁ to Q₆₀₃ may each independently be a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, or anaphthyl group, and

xe21 may be an integer from 1 to 5.

In some exemplary embodiments, at least one of Ar₆₀₁(s) in the number ofxe11 and R₆₀₁(s) in the number of xe21 may include the πelectron-depleted nitrogen-containing ring as described above.

In some exemplary embodiments, Ar₆₀₁ in Formula 601 may be selectedfrom:

a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, aspiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group,a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, afluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysenegroup, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, apentaphene group, an indenoanthracene group, a dibenzofuran group, adibenzothiophene group, a carbazole group, an imidazole group, apyrazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxazolegroup, an isoxazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrazine group, apyrimidine group, a pyridazine group, an indazole group, a purine group,a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, aphthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, a quinoxaline group, aquinazoline group, a cinnoline group, a phenanthridine group, anacridine group, a phenanthroline group, a phenazine group, abenzimidazole group, an isobenzothiazole group, a benzoxazole group, anisobenzoxazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxadiazolegroup, a triazine group, a thiadiazole group, an imidazopyridine group,an imidazopyrimidine group, and an azacarbazole group; and

a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, aspiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group,a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, afluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysenegroup, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, apentaphene group, an indenoanthracene group, a dibenzofuran group, adibenzothiophene group, a carbazole group, an imidazole group, apyrazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxazolegroup, an isoxazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrazine group, apyrimidine group, a pyridazine group, an indazole group, a purine group,a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, aphthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, a quinoxaline group, aquinazoline group, a cinnoline group, a phenanthridine group, anacridine group, a phenanthroline group, a phenazine group, abenzimidazole group, an isobenzothiazole group, a benzoxazole group, anisobenzoxazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxadiazolegroup, a triazine group, a thiadiazole group, an imidazopyridine group,an imidazopyrimidine group, and an azacarbazole group, each substitutedwith at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxylgroup, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazinogroup, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, aphenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group,—Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),

wherein Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be selected from a C₁-C₁₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, aterphenyl group, and a naphthyl group.

When xe11 in Formula 601 is 2 or more, two or more Ar₆₀₁(s) may belinked to each other via a single bond.

In one or more exemplary embodiments, Ar₆₀₁ in Formula 601 may be ananthracene group.

In one or more exemplary embodiments, a compound represented by Formula601 may be represented by Formula 601-1 below:

In Formula 601-1,

X₆₁₄ may be N or C(R₆₁₄), X₆₁₅ may be N or C(R₆₁₅), X₆₁₆ may be N orC(R₆₁₆), and at least one selected from X₆₁₄ to X₆₁₆ may be N,

L₆₁₁ to L₆₁₃ may each be understood by referring to the descriptionsprovided in connection with L₆₀₁,

xe611 to xe613 may each be understood by referring to the descriptionpresented in connection with xe1,

R₆₁₁ to R₆₁₃ may each be understood by referring to the descriptionsprovided in connection with R₆₀₁, and

R₆₁₄ to R₆₁₆ may each independently be selected from hydrogen,deuterium, —F, —C1, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, aterphenyl group, and a naphthyl group.

In some exemplary embodiments, L₆₀₁ and L₆₁₁ to L₆₁₃ in Formulae 601 and601-1 may each independently be selected from:

a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, aspiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, adibenzofluorenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an anthracenylenegroup, a fluoranthenylene group, a triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylenegroup, a chrysenylene group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylenegroup, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a thiophenylenegroup, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, an indolylene group,an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a benzothiophenylenegroup, a dibenzofuranylene group, a dibenzothiophenylene group, abenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzocarbazolylene group, adibenzosilolylene group, a pyridinylene group, an imidazolylene group, apyrazolylene group, a thiazolylene group, an isothiazolylene group, anoxazolylene group, an isoxazolylene group, a thiadiazolylene group, anoxadiazolylene group, a pyrazinylene group, a pyrimidinylene group, apyridazinylene group, a triazinylene group, a quinolinylene group, anisoquinolinylene group, a benzoquinolinylene group, a phthalazinylenegroup, a naphthyridinylene group, a quinoxalinylene group, aquinazolinylene group, a cinnolinylene group, a phenanthridinylenegroup, an acridinylene group, a phenanthrolinylene group, aphenazinylene group, a benzimidazolylene group, an isobenzothiazolylenegroup, a benzoxazolylene group, an isobenzoxazolylene group, atriazolylene group, a tetrazolylene group, an imidazopyridinylene group,an imidazopyrimidinylene group, and an azacarbazolylene group; and

a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, aspiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, adibenzofluorenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an anthracenylenegroup, a fluoranthenylene group, a triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylenegroup, a chrysenylene group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylenegroup, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a thiophenylenegroup, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, an indolylene group,an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a benzothiophenylenegroup, a dibenzofuranylene group, a dibenzothiophenylene group, abenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzocarbazolylene group, adibenzosilolylene group, a pyridinylene group, an imidazolylene group, apyrazolylene group, a thiazolylene group, an isothiazolylene group, anoxazolylene group, an isoxazolylene group, a thiadiazolylene group, anoxadiazolylene group, a pyrazinylene group, a pyrimidinylene group, apyridazinylene group, a triazinylene group, a quinolinylene group, anisoquinolinylene group, a benzoquinolinylene group, a phthalazinylenegroup, a naphthyridinylene group, a quinoxalinylene group, aquinazolinylene group, a cinnolinylene group, a phenanthridinylenegroup, an acridinylene group, a phenanthrolinylene group, aphenazinylene group, a benzimidazolylene group, an isobenzothiazolylenegroup, a benzoxazolylene group, an isobenzoxazolylene group, atriazolylene group, a tetrazolylene group, an imidazopyridinylene group,an imidazopyrimidinylene group, and an azacarbazolylene group, eachsubstituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I,a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, ahydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, anaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, abenzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group,an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, apyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenylgroup, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, afuranyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolylgroup, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranylgroup, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, adibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, animidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolylgroup, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, anoxadiazolyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinylgroup, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, abenzoquinolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, aquinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, aphenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, aphenazinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, abenzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, atetrazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinylgroup, and an azacarbazolyl group, but the exemplary embodiments are notlimited thereto.

In one or more exemplary embodiments, xe1 and xe611 to xe613 in Formulae601 and 601-1 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2.

In one or more exemplary embodiments, R₆₀₁ and R₆₁₁ to R₆₁₃ in Formulae601 and 601-1 may each independently be selected from:

a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, afluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenylgroup, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, apentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolylgroup, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, abenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenylgroup, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, adibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, an imidazolyl group, apyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolylgroup, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group,a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinylgroup, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinylgroup, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinylgroup, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinylgroup, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group,a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolylgroup, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group,an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, and anazacarbazolyl group;

a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, afluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, adibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, afluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenylgroup, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, apentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolylgroup, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, abenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenylgroup, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, adibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, an imidazolyl group, apyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolylgroup, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group,a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinylgroup, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinylgroup, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinylgroup, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinylgroup, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group,a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolylgroup, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group,an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, and anazacarbazolyl group, each substituted with at least one selected fromdeuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, aterphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, aspiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenylgroup, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenylgroup, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, aperylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenylgroup, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, anindolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, abenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenylgroup, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, adibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, an imidazolyl group, apyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolylgroup, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group,a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinylgroup, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinylgroup, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinylgroup, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinylgroup, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group,a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolylgroup, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group,an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, and anazacarbazolyl group; and—S(═O)₂(Q₆₀₁) and —P(═O)(Q₆₀₁)(Q₆₀₂),

wherein Q₆₀₁ and Q₆₀₂ are the same as described above.

The electron transport region may include at least one compound selectedfrom Compounds ET1 to ET36 below, but the exemplary embodiments are notlimited thereto:

In one or more exemplary embodiments, the electron transport region mayinclude at least one selected from2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP),4,7-dphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Bphen),tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminum (Alq₃),bis(8-hydroxy-2-methylquinoline)-(4-phenylphenoxy)aluminum (BAlq),3-(biphenyl-4-yl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-4-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole(TAZ), and 4-naphthalen-1-yl-3,5-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazole (NTAZ):

In some exemplary embodiments, the electron transport region may includea phosphine oxide-containing compound (for example,diphenyl[4-(triphenylsilyl)phenyl]phosphine oxide (TSPO1) used in thefollowing examples or the like), but the exemplary embodiments are notlimited thereto. In some exemplary embodiments, the phosphineoxide-containing compound may be used in a hole blocking layer in theelectron transport region, but the exemplary embodiments are not limitedthereto.

The thickness of the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, or theelectron control layer may be in a range of about 20 Å to about 1,000 Å,for example, about 30 Å to about 300 Å. When the thicknesses of thebuffer layer, the hole blocking layer, and the electron control layerare within these ranges, the electron blocking layer of the holetransport region may have excellent electron blocking characteristics orelectron control characteristics without a substantial increase indriving voltage.

The thickness of the electron transport layer may be from about 100 Å toabout 1,000 Å, for example, about 150 Å to about 500 Å. When thethickness of the electron transport layer is within the range describedabove, the electron transport layer may have satisfactory electrontransport characteristics without a substantial increase in drivingvoltage.

The electron transport region (for example, the electron transport layerin the electron transport region) may further include, in addition tothe materials described above, a metal-containing material.

The metal-containing material may include at least one selected fromalkali metal complex and alkaline earth-metal complex. The alkali metalcomplex may include a metal ion selected from a Li ion, a Na ion, a Kion, an Rb ion, and a Cs ion, and the alkaline earth-metal complex mayinclude a metal ion selected from a Be ion, a Mg ion, a Ca ion, a Srion, and a Ba ion. A ligand coordinated with the metal ion of the alkalimetal complex or the alkaline earth-metal complex may be selected from ahydroxy quinoline, a hydroxy isoquinoline, a hydroxy benzoquinoline, ahydroxy acridine, a hydroxy phenanthridine, a hydroxy phenyloxazole, ahydroxy phenylthiazole, a hydroxy diphenyloxadiazole, a hydroxydiphenylthiadiazole, a hydroxy phenylpyridine, a hydroxyphenylbenzimidazole, a hydroxy phenylbenzothiazole, a bipyridine, aphenanthroline, and a cyclopentadiene, but the exemplary embodiments arenot limited thereto.

For example, the metal-containing material may include a Li complex. TheLi complex may include, for example, Compound ET-D1 (lithium quinolate,LiQ) or ET-D2 below:

The electron transport region may include an electron injection layerthat facilitates electron injection from the second electrode 190. Theelectron injection layer may be in direct contact with the secondelectrode 190.

The electron injection layer may have i) a single-layered structureconsisting of a single layer consisting of a single material, ii) asingle-layered structure consisting of a single layer consisting of aplurality of different materials, or iii) a multi-layered structurehaving a plurality of layers consisting of a plurality of differentmaterials.

The electron injection layer may include an alkali metal, an alkalineearth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal compound, an alkalineearth-metal compound, a rare earth metal compound, an alkali metalcomplex, an alkaline earth-metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, orany combination thereof.

The alkali metal may be selected from Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs. In someexemplary embodiments, the alkali metal may be Li, Na, or Cs. In one ormore exemplary embodiments, the alkali metal may be Li or Cs, but theexemplary embodiments are not limited thereto.

The alkaline earth metal may be selected from Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba.

The rare earth metal may be selected from Sc, Y, Ce, Tb, Yb, and Gd.

The alkali metal compound, the alkaline earth-metal compound, and therare earth metal compound may be selected from oxides and halides (forexample, fluorides, chlorides, bromides, or iodides) of the alkalimetal, the alkaline earth-metal, and the rare earth metal.

The alkali metal compound may be selected from alkali metal oxides, suchas Li₂O, Cs₂O, or K₂O, and alkali metal halides, such as LiF, NaF, CsF,KF, LiI, NaI, CsI, or KI. In some exemplary embodiments, the alkalimetal compound may be selected from LiF, Li₂O, NaF, LiI, NaI, CsI, andKI, but the exemplary embodiments are not limited thereto.

The alkaline earth-metal compound may be selected from alkalineearth-metal oxides, such as BaO, SrO, CaO, Ba_(x)Sr_(1-x)O (0<x<1), orBa_(x)Ca_(1-x)O (0<x<1). In some exemplary embodiments, the alkalineearth-metal compound may be selected from BaO, SrO, and CaO, but theexemplary embodiments are not limited thereto.

The rare earth metal compound may be selected from YbF₃, ScF₃, ScO₃,Y₂O₃, Ce₂O₃, GdF₃, and TbF₃. In some exemplary embodiments, the rareearth metal compound may be selected from YbF₃, ScF₃, TbF₃, YbI₃, ScI₃,and TbI₃, but the exemplary embodiments are not limited thereto.

The alkali metal complex, the alkaline earth-metal complex, and the rareearth metal complex may include an ion of alkali metal, alkalineearth-metal, and rare earth metal as described above, and a ligandcoordinated with a metal ion of the alkali metal complex, the alkalineearth-metal complex, or the rare earth metal complex may be selectedfrom hydroxy quinoline, hydroxy isoquinoline, hydroxy benzoquinoline,hydroxy acridine, hydroxy phenanthridine, hydroxy phenyloxazole, hydroxyphenylthiazole, hydroxy diphenyloxadiazole, hydroxy diphenylthiadiazole,hydroxy phenylpyridine, hydroxy phenylbenzimidazole, hydroxyphenylbenzothiazole, bipyridine, phenanthroline, and cyclopentadiene,but the exemplary embodiments are not limited thereto.

The electron injection layer may consist of or include an alkali metal,an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal compound,an alkaline earth-metal compound, a rare earth metal compound, an alkalimetal complex, an alkaline earth-metal complex, a rare earth metalcomplex, or any combination thereof, as described above. In one or moreexemplary embodiments, the electron injection layer may further includean organic material. When the electron injection layer further includesan organic material, an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rareearth metal, an alkali metal compound, an alkaline earth-metal compound,a rare earth metal compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkalineearth-metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or any combinationsthereof may be homogeneously or non-homogeneously dispersed in a matrixincluding the organic material.

The thickness of the electron injection layer may be in a range of about1 Å to about 100 Å, for example, about 3 Å to about 90 Å. When thethickness of the electron injection layer is within the range,satisfactory electron injection characteristics may be obtained withoutsubstantial increase in driving voltage.

Second Electrode 190

The second electrode 190 is located on the organic layer 150 having sucha structure. The second electrode 190 may be a cathode which is anelectron injection electrode, and in this regard, a material for formingthe second electrode 190 may be selected from metal, an alloy, anelectrically conductive compound, and a combination thereof, which havea relatively low work function.

The second electrode 190 may include at least one selected from lithium(Li), silver (Ag), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium(Al—Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg—In), magnesium-silver(Mg—Ag), ITO, and IZO, but the exemplary embodiments are not limitedthereto. The second electrode 190 may be a transmissive electrode, asemi-transmissive electrode, or a reflective electrode.

The second electrode 190 may have a single-layered structure or amulti-layered structure including two or more layers.

Description of FIGS. 3 to 5

FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional diagram of another exemplaryembodiment of an organic light-emitting device constructed according toprinciples of the invention. FIG. 4 is a schematic cross-sectionaldiagram of yet another exemplary embodiment of an organic light-emittingdevice constructed according to principles of the invention. FIG. 5 is aschematic cross-sectional diagram of still another exemplary embodimentof an organic light-emitting device constructed according to principlesof the invention.

An organic light-emitting device 20 of FIG. 3 has a structure in which afirst capping layer 210, the first electrode 110, the organic layer 150,and the second electrode 190 are sequentially stacked in this statedorder, an organic light-emitting device 30 of FIG. 4 has a structure inwhich the first electrode 110, the organic layer 150, the secondelectrode 190, and a second capping layer 220 are sequentially stackedin this stated order, and an organic light-emitting device 40 of FIG. 5has a structure in which the first capping layer 210, the firstelectrode 110, the organic layer 150, the second electrode 190, and thesecond capping layer 220 are sequentially stacked in this stated order.

Regarding FIGS. 3 to 5 , the first electrode 110, the organic layer 150,and the second electrode 190 may be understood by referring to thedescription presented in connection with FIG. 2 .

In the organic layer 150 of each of the organic light-emitting devices20 and 40, light generated in the emission layer may pass through thefirst electrode 110 and the first capping layer 210 toward the outside,wherein the first electrode 110 may be a semi-transmissive electrode ora transmissive electrode. In the organic layer 150 of each of theorganic light-emitting devices 30 and 40, light generated in theemission layer may pass through the second electrode 190 and the secondcapping layer 220 toward the outside, wherein the second electrode 190may be a semi-transmissive electrode or a transmissive electrode.

The first capping layer 210 and the second capping layer 220 mayincrease external luminescence efficiency according to the principle ofconstructive interference. The first capping layer 210 and the secondcapping layer 220 may each independently be an organic capping layerincluding an organic material, an inorganic capping layer including aninorganic material, or a composite capping layer including the organicmaterial and the inorganic material. The organic capping layer mayinclude a polyethylene terephthalate, a polyethylene naphthalate, apolycarbonate, a polyimide, a polyethylene sulfonate, apolyoxymethylene, a polyarylate, a hexamethyldisiloxane, an acryl-basedresin (e.g., a polymethylmethacrylate, a polyacrylic acid, etc.), or anycombination thereof.

At least one of the first capping layer 210 and the second capping layer220 may include the metallic compound having a refractive indexaccording to some exemplary embodiments. In some exemplary embodiments,at least one selected from the first capping layer 210 and the secondcapping layer 220 may each independently include the compoundrepresented by Formula 201 or the compound represented by Formula 202.

In one or more exemplary embodiments, at least one selected from thefirst capping layer 210 and the second capping layer 220 may eachindependently include a compound selected from Compounds HT28 to HT33and Compounds CP1 to CP5 below, but the exemplary embodiments are notlimited thereto.

Hereinbefore, the organic light-emitting device according to exemplaryembodiments has been described in connection with FIGS. 2 to 5 , but theexemplary embodiments are not limited thereto.

Layers constituting the hole transport region, the emission layer, andlayers constituting the electron transport region may be formed in acertain region by using one or more suitable methods selected fromvacuum deposition, spin coating, casting, Langmuir-Blodgett (LB)deposition, ink-jet printing, laser-printing, and laser-induced thermalimaging (LITI).

When layers constituting the hole transport region, the emission layer,and layers constituting the electron transport region are formed byvacuum deposition, the deposition may be performed at a depositiontemperature of about 100° C. to about 500° C., a vacuum degree of about10⁻⁸ torr to about 10⁻³ torr, and a deposition speed of about 0.01 Å/secto about 100 Å/sec by taking into account a material to be included in alayer to be formed and the structure of a layer to be formed.

When layers constituting the hole transport region, the emission layer,and layers constituting the electron transport region are formed by spincoating, the spin coating may be performed at a coating speed of about2,000 rpm to about 5,000 rpm and at a heat treatment temperature ofabout 80° C. to 200° C. by taking into account a material to be includedin a layer to be formed and the structure of a layer to be formed.

The organic light-emitting device as described above may be included invarious other apparatuses. Thus, another implementation of the inventionprovides another apparatus including the organic light-emitting device10.

The apparatus may further include, in addition to the organiclight-emitting device 10, a thin film transistor. The thin filmtransistor may include a source electrode, an activation layer, a drainelectrode, and a gate electrode, wherein the first electrode 110 of theorganic light-emitting device 10 may be in electrical connection withone of the source electrode and the drain electrode of the thin-filmtransistor.

The apparatus may be, for example, a light-emitting apparatus, anauthentication apparatus, or an electronic apparatus, but exemplaryembodiments of the invention are not limited thereto.

General Definition of Substituents

The term “C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group” as used herein refers to a linear orbranched aliphatic saturated hydrocarbon monovalent group having 1 to 60carbon atoms, and examples thereof include a methyl group, an ethylgroup, a propyl group, an isobutyl group, a sec-butyl group, atert-butyl group, a pentyl group, an isoamyl group, and a hexyl group.The term “C₁-C₆₀ alkylene group” as used herein refers to a divalentgroup having a structure corresponding to the C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group.

The term “C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group” as used herein refers to a hydrocarbongroup having at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the middle or atthe terminus of the C₂-C₆₀ alkyl group, and examples thereof include anethenyl group, a propenyl group, and a butenyl group. The term “C₂-C₆₀alkenylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having astructure corresponding to the C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group.

The term “C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group” as used herein refers to a hydrocarbongroup having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond in the middle or atthe terminus of the C₂-C₆₀ alkyl group, and examples thereof include anethynyl group and a propynyl group. The term “C₂-C₆₀ alkynylene group”as used herein refers to a divalent group having a structurecorresponding to the C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group.

The term “C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group” as used herein refers to a monovalentgroup represented by —OA₁₀₁ (wherein A₁₀₁ is the C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group),and examples thereof include a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, and anisopropyloxy group.

The term “C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group” as used herein refers to a monovalentsaturated hydrocarbon monocyclic group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, andexamples thereof include a cyclopropyl group, a cyclobutyl group, acyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, and a cycloheptyl group. The term“C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent grouphaving a structure corresponding to the C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group.

The term “C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group” as used herein refers to amonovalent monocyclic group having at least one heteroatom selected fromN, O, Si, P, and S as a ring-forming atom and 1 to 10 carbon atoms, andexamples thereof include a 1,2,3,4-oxatriazolidinyl group, atetrahydrofuranyl group, and a tetrahydrothiophenyl group. The term“C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylene group” as used herein refers to a divalentgroup having a structure corresponding to the C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylgroup.

The term “C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group” as used herein refers to amonovalent monocyclic group that has 3 to 10 carbon atoms and at leastone carbon-carbon double bond in the ring thereof and no aromaticity,and examples thereof include a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenylgroup, and a cycloheptenyl group. The term “C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylenegroup” as used herein refers to a divalent group having a structurecorresponding to the C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group.

The term “C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group” as used herein refers to amonovalent monocyclic group that has at least one heteroatom selectedfrom N, O, Si, P, and S as a ring-forming atom, 1 to 10 carbon atoms,and at least one carbon-carbon double bond in its ring. Non-limitingexamples of the C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group include a4,5-dihydro-1,2,3,4-oxatriazolyl group, a 2,3-dihydrofuranyl group, anda 2,3-dihydrothiophenyl group. The term “C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenylenegroup” as used herein refers to a divalent group having a structurecorresponding to the C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group.

The term “C₆-C₆₀ aryl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent grouphaving a carbocyclic aromatic system having 6 to 60 carbon atoms, and aC₆-C₆₀ arylene group used herein refers to a divalent group having acarbocyclic aromatic system having 6 to 60 carbon atoms. Non-limitingexamples of the C₆-C₆₀ aryl group include a phenyl group, a naphthylgroup, an anthracenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a pyrenyl group, anda chrysenyl group. When the C₆-C₆₀ aryl group and the C₆-C₆₀ arylenegroup each include two or more rings, the rings may be fused to eachother.

The term “C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group” as used herein refers to a monovalentgroup having a carbocyclic aromatic system that has at least oneheteroatom selected from N, O, Si, P, and S as a ring-forming atom, inaddition to 1 to 60 carbon atoms. The term “C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group”as used herein refers to a divalent group having a carbocyclic aromaticsystem that has at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, Si, P, and Sas a ring-forming atom, in addition to 1 to 60 carbon atoms.Non-limiting examples of the C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group include a pyridinylgroup, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, atriazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, and an isoquinolinyl group. Whenthe C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group and the C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group eachinclude two or more rings, the rings may be fused with each other.

The term “C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group” as used herein refers to —OA₁₀₂ (whereinA₁₀₂ is the C₆-C₆₀ aryl group), and the term “C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group” asused herein refers to —SA₁₀₃ (wherein A₁₀₃ is the C₆-C₆₀ aryl group).

The term “monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group” as used hereinrefers to a monovalent group (for example, having 8 to 60 carbon atoms)having two or more rings fused with each other, only carbon atoms asring-forming atoms, and no aromaticity in its entire molecularstructure. A detailed example of the monovalent non-aromatic fusedpolycyclic group is a fluorenyl group. The term “divalent non-aromaticfused polycyclic group” as used herein refers to a divalent group havinga structure corresponding to the monovalent non-aromatic fusedpolycyclic group.

The term “monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group” as usedherein refers to a monovalent group (for example, having 1 to 60 carbonatoms) having two or more rings fused to each other, at least oneheteroatom selected from N, O, Si, P, and S, other than carbon atoms, asa ring-forming atom, and no aromaticity in its entire molecularstructure. An example of the monovalent non-aromatic fusedheteropolycyclic group is a carbazolyl group. The term “divalentnon-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group” as used herein refers to adivalent group having the same structure as that of the monovalentnon-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group.

The term “C₄-C₆₀ carbocyclic group” as used herein refers to amonocyclic or polycyclic group having 4 to 60 carbon atoms in which aring-forming atom is a carbon atom only. The term “C₄-C₆₀ carbocyclicgroup” as used herein refers to an aromatic carbocyclic group or anon-aromatic carbocyclic group. The C₄-C₆₀ carbocyclic group may be aring, such as benzene, a monovalent group, such as a phenyl group, or adivalent group, such as a phenylene group. In one or more exemplaryembodiments, depending on the number of substituents connected to theC₄-C₆₀ carbocyclic group, the C₄-C₆₀ carbocyclic group may be atrivalent group or a quadrivalent group.

The term “C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group” as used herein refers to a grouphaving a structure corresponding to the C₄-C₆₀ carbocyclic group, exceptthat as a ring-forming atom, at least one heteroatom selected from N, O,Si, P, and S is used in addition to carbon (the number of carbon atomsmay be in a range of 1 to 60).

The terms “hydrogen,” “deuterium,” “fluorine,” “chlorine,” “bromine,”and “iodine” refer to their respective atoms and corresponding radicals.

The term “metallic compound” may mean a compound that contains one ormore metal elements bonded to another element.

As used herein, a substituent for a monovalent group, e.g., alkyl, mayalso be, independently, a substituent for a corresponding divalentgroup, e.g., alkylene.

In the exemplary embodiments, at least one substituent of thesubstituted C₄-C₆₀ carbocyclic group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group, thesubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylene group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenylene group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenylenegroup, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ arylene group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀heteroarylene group, the substituted divalent non-aromatic fusedpolycyclic group, the substituted divalent non-aromatic fusedheteropolycyclic group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, thesubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, the substituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group,the substituted C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylgroup, the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, the substitutedC₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenylgroup, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, the substituted C₆-C₆₁ aryloxygroup, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, the substituted monovalent non-aromatic fusedpolycyclic group, and the substituted monovalent non-aromatic fusedheteropolycyclic group may be:

deuterium (-D), —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, anitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, aC₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₁ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₁ alkynyl group, anda C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group;

a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₁ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₁ alkynyl group,and a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, each, independently from one another,substituted with at least one of deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxylgroup, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazinogroup, a hydrazono group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, aC₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalentnon-aromatic fused polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic fusedheteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂)(Q₁₃), —N(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —B(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂),—C(═O)(Q₁₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁₁), and —P(═O)(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂);

a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylgroup, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group, anda monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group each,independently from one another, optionally substituted with at least oneof deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylgroup, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, aC₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, aC₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclicgroup, a monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group,—Si(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂)(Q₂₃), —N(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —B(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —C(═O)(Q₂₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₂₁), and —P(═O)(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂); and

—Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁),—S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),

wherein Q₁₁ to Q₁₃, Q₂₁ to Q₂₃, and Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each, independentlyfrom one another, hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxylgroup, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazinogroup, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group,a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylgroup, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, aC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆—C₆₀ aryl group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group, amonovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkylgroup substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, and acyano group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group substituted with at least one selectedfrom deuterium, —F, and a cyano group, a biphenyl group, and a terphenylgroup.

The term “Ph” as used herein refers to a phenyl group, the term “Me” asused herein refers to a methyl group, the term “Et” as used hereinrefers to an ethyl group, the term “ter-Bu” or “Bu^(t)” as used hereinrefers to a tert-butyl group, and the term “OMe” as used herein refersto a methoxy group.

The term “biphenyl group” as used herein refers to “a phenyl groupsubstituted with a phenyl group”. In other words, the “biphenyl group”is a substituted phenyl group having a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group as asubstituent.

The term “terphenyl group” as used herein refers to “a phenyl groupsubstituted with a biphenyl group”. In other words, the “terphenylgroup” is a phenyl group having, as a substituent, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl groupsubstituted with a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group.

* and *′ as used herein, unless defined otherwise, each refer to abinding site to a neighboring atom in a corresponding formula.

Hereinafter, a compound according to exemplary embodiments and anorganic light-emitting device according to exemplary embodiments will bedescribed in detail with reference to Synthesis Examples and Examples.The wording “B was used instead of A” used in describing SynthesisExamples refers to that an identical molar equivalent of B was used inplace of A.

EXAMPLES

Refractive Index Simulation for Compounds

Refractive indexes of Compounds 1 to 12, A, and B were calculated byusing clausius-mossotti equation, as described in Ando, “EfficientHybrid Functional and Basis Set Functions for DFT Calculations ofRefractive Indices and Abbe Numbers of Organic Compounds, Chem. Lett.2018, 47, doi: 10.1246/c1.180732, pp. 1494-1497. The results wereobtained by performing refractive index simulation with densityfunctional theory (DFT) calculations using the Gaussian programstructurally optimized at a level of empirical dispersion ωB97XD basisset and 6-311G** basis set applied to each of the H, C, N, O, and Fatoms, and the Los Alamos National Laboratory 2 Double-Zeta (LANL2DZ)basis set used for Al, Ir, and Bi metal atoms using a long-rangecorrected function. The evaluation was based on the ground state energy,triplet energy, and the ³MC state energy level value. All calculationswere performed using the Gaussian-09 (Rev. C01) software package with aprocessor. The results are shown in Table 1.

n λ 2 - 1 n λ 2 + 2 = 4 ⁢ ⁢ π 3 ⁢ ⁢ ⁢ n λ refractive ⁢ ⁢ index α λPolarizability V mol molar ⁢ ⁢ volume

As depicted in the formula above, α_(λ) is the wavelength-dependentlinear molecular polarizability and V_(mol) is the van der Waals volume,which can be calculated from the optimized geometries using Slonimski'smethod with the van der Waals radii of each atom. As depicted in Tables1 and 2, S1 is singlet absorption energy, n^(sim) is refractive indexmeasured by simulation, and n^(exp) is refractive index measured byexperiment.

TABLE 1 Compound S₁(eV) n^(sim) (@460 nm) n^(sim) (@530 nm) n^(sim)(@620 nm) 1 4.06 1.69 1.67 1.64 2 4.54 1.69 1.67 1.64 3 6.37 1.56 1.561.55 4 4.90 1.67 1.64 1.63 5 3.75 1.67 1.66 1.64 6 4.66 1.59 1.57 1.57 73.15 1.70 1.67 1.66 8 4.23 1.63 1.62 1.60 9 3.20 1.69 1.67 1.66 10  4.191.63 1.62 1.60 11  4.30 1.72 1.70 1.69 12  4.10 1.69 1.67 1.66 A 0.352.01 1.89 1.79 B 2.82 1.86 1.82 1.79 (i)

A

B

Refractive Index Measurement

Refractive indexes of Compounds 1 to 12, A, and B were prepared in athin-film state and then measured by using an infrared (IR) source-basedthin film analyzer sold under the trade designation ATR-W2 Plus fromSchmidt+Haensch of Berlin, Germany measured at wavelengths of 460 nm,530 nm, and 620 nm at respective columns 2, 3, and 4 of Table 2. Theresults are shown in Table 2 below.

TABLE 2 Compound n^(exp)(@460 nm) n^(exp)(@530 nm) n^(exp)(@620 nm) 11.60 1.59 1.57 2 1.60 1.59 1.57 3 1.51 1.51 1.50 4 1.59 1.57 1.56 5 1.591.58 1.57 6 1.53 1.52 1.52 7 1.61 1.59 1.58 8 1.56 1.55 1.54 9 1.60 1.591.58 10 1.56 1.55 1.54 11 1.62 1.61 1.60 12 1.60 1.59 1.58 A 1.83 1.741.67 B 1.72 1.69 1.67

Comparing Tables 1 and 2, actual measurement values of refractiveindexes are not significantly different from the simulation results.

Manufacture of Electronic Apparatus: For Capping Layer or Thin-FilmEncapsulation Portion

Comparative Example 1

As an anode, a 15 Ω/cm² (1,200 Å) indium-tin oxide (ITO) glass substrateobtained from Corning, Inc. of Corning, N.Y. (hereinafter “Corning”) wascut to a size of 50 mm×50 mm×0.7 mm, sonicated with isopropyl alcoholand pure water each for 5 minutes, and then cleaned by exposure toultraviolet rays and ozone for 30 minutes. The ITO glass substrate wasprovided to a vacuum deposition apparatus.

On the glass substrate, first, 2-TNATA, which is a known material in theart, was vacuum-deposited to form a hole injection layer having athickness of 600 Å, and 4,4′-bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl(hereinafter, referred to as NPB) which is a hole transport material wasvacuum-deposited as a hole transport compound to form a hole transportlayer having a thickness of 300 Å.

9,10-di(naphthalen-2-yl)anthracene (hereinafter, referred to as DNA),which is a known blue fluorescence host in the art, and4,4′-bis[2-(4-(N,N-diphenylamino)phenyl)vinyl]biphenyl (hereinafter,referred to as DPAVBi), which is a known blue fluorescence dopant as acompound in the art, were co-deposited on the hole transport layer at aweight ratio of 98:2 to form an emission layer having a thickness of 300Å.

Next, Alq₃ was deposited on the emission layer to form an electrontransport layer having a thickness of 300 Å, LiF which is a halogenatedalkali metal was deposited on the electron transport layer to form anelectron injection layer having a thickness of 10 Å, and Al wasvacuum-deposited on the electron injection layer to form a LiF/Alelectrode having a thickness of 300 Å.

Compound B having a low refractive index was deposited on the electrodeto form a first capping layer having a thickness of 600 Å, and CompoundA having a high refractive index was deposited thereon to form a secondcapping layer having a thickness of 600 Å, thereby completing an organiclight-emitting device.

Comparative Example 2

As an anode, a Corning 15 Ω/cm² (500 Å) ITO glass substrate was cut to asize of 50 mm×50 mm×0.5 mm, sonicated with isopropyl alcohol and purewater each for 10 minutes, and then cleaned by exposure to ultravioletrays and ozone for 10 minutes. The ITO glass substrate was provided to avacuum deposition apparatus.

A known material 2-TNATA was vacuum-deposited on the substrate to form ahole injection layer having a thickness of 600 Å, and a hole transportcompound NPB was vacuum-deposited on the hole injection layer to form ahole transport layer having a thickness of 300 Å.

Acetylacetonatobis(2-phenylquinolinato)iridium (Ir(pq)₂acac) as a redphosphorescent dopant and CBP were co-deposited on the hole transportlayer at a weight ratio of 5:95 to form an emission layer having athickness of 300 Å.

Next, Alq₃ was deposited on the emission layer to form an electrontransport layer having a thickness of 300 Å, LiF which is a halogenatedalkali metal was deposited on the electron transport layer to form anelectron injection layer having a thickness of 10 Å, and Al wasvacuum-deposited on the electron injection layer to form a LiF/Alelectrode having a thickness of 300 Å.

Compound B having a low refractive index was deposited on the electrodeto form a first capping layer having a thickness of 600 Å, and CompoundA having a high refractive index was deposited thereon to form a secondcapping layer having a thickness of 600 Å, thereby completing an organiclight-emitting device.

Comparative Example 3

As an anode, a Corning 15 Ω/cm² (500 Å) ITO glass substrate was cut to asize of 50 mm×50 mm×0.5 mm, sonicated with isopropyl alcohol and purewater each for 10 minutes, and then cleaned by exposure to ultravioletrays and ozone for 10 minutes. The ITO glass substrate was provided to avacuum deposition apparatus.

A known material 2-TNATA was vacuum-deposited on the substrate to form ahole injection layer having a thickness of 600 Å, and a hole transportcompound NPB was vacuum-deposited on the hole injection layer to form ahole transport layer having a thickness of 300 Å.

Ir(ppy)3 [bis-(1-phenylisoquinolyl) iridium(III)acetylacetonate] as agreen phosphorescent dopant and CBP were co-deposited on the holetransport layer at a weight ratio of 15:85 to form an emission layerhaving a thickness of 300 Å.

Next, Alq₃ was deposited on the emission layer to form an electrontransport layer having a thickness of 300 Å, LiF which is a halogenatedalkali metal was deposited on the electron transport layer to form anelectron injection layer having a thickness of 10 Å, and Al wasvacuum-deposited on the electron injection layer to form a LiF/Alelectrode having a thickness of 300 Å.

Compound B having a low refractive index was deposited on the electrodeto form a first capping layer having a thickness of 600 Å, and CompoundA having a high refractive index was deposited thereon to form a secondcapping layer having a thickness of 600 Å, thereby completing an organiclight-emitting device.

Example 1

An organic light-emitting device was manufactured in the same manner asin Comparative Example 1, except that Compound 1 was used instead ofCompound B in forming a capping layer.

Example 2

An organic light-emitting device was manufactured in the same manner asin Comparative Example 2, except that Compound 1 was used instead ofCompound B in forming a capping layer.

Example 3

An organic light-emitting device was manufactured in the same manner asin Comparative Example 3, except that Compound 1 was used instead ofCompound B in forming a capping layer.

Example 4

An organic light-emitting device was manufactured in the same manner asin Comparative Example 1, except that Compound 3 was used instead ofCompound B in forming a capping layer.

Example 5

An organic light-emitting device was manufactured in the same manner asin Comparative Example 2, except that Compound 3 was used instead ofCompound B in forming a capping layer.

Example 6

An organic light-emitting device was manufactured in the same manner asin Comparative Example 3, except that Compound 3 was used instead ofCompound B in forming a capping layer.

Comparative Example 4

An organic light-emitting device was manufactured without forming acapping layer in an organic light-emitting device of Comparative Example1, and then Compound A was used to additionally form a thin-filmencapsulation portion having a thickness of 600 Å.

Comparative Example 5

An organic light-emitting device was manufactured without forming acapping layer in an organic light-emitting device of Comparative Example2, and then Compound A was used to additionally form a thin-filmencapsulation portion having a thickness of 600 Å.

Comparative Example 6

An organic light-emitting device was manufactured without forming acapping layer in an organic light-emitting device of Comparative Example3, and then Compound A was used to additionally form a thin-filmencapsulation portion having a thickness of 600 Å.

Example 7

A thin-film encapsulation portion was additionally formed in the samemanner as in Comparative Example 4, except that Compound 1 was usedinstead of Compound A.

Example 8

A thin-film encapsulation portion was additionally formed in the samemanner as in Comparative Example 5, except that Compound 1 was usedinstead of Compound A.

Example 9

A thin-film encapsulation portion was additionally formed in the samemanner as in Comparative Example 6, except that Compound 1 was usedinstead of Compound A.

External quantum efficiency (EQE) of the organic light-emitting devicesmanufactured according to Examples 1 to 9 and Comparative Examples 1 to6 was measured, and results thereof are shown in Table 3 below.

TABLE 3 Capping layer(first Thin-film External quantum cappinglayer/second encapsulating efficiency (EQE) capping layer) portion (@10mA/cm²) Comparative Compound B/ — 6.1 Example1 Compound A (blue)Comparative Compound B/ — 25.5 Example2 Compound A (red) ComparativeCompound B/ — 27.8 Example3 Compound A (green) Comparative — Compound A5.0 Example 4 (blue) Comparative — Compound A 20.6 Example5 (red)Comparative — Compound A 21.7 Example 6 (green) Example 1 Compound 1/ —6.8 (blue) Compound A Example 2 Compound 1/ — 29.1 (red) Compound AExample 3 Compound 1/ — 31.6 (green) Compound A Example 4 Compound 3/ —7.1 (blue) Compound A Example 5 Compound 3/ — 29.8 (red) Compound AExample6 Compound 3/ — 32.8 (green) Compound A Example 7 — Compound 15.8 (blue) Example 8 — Compound 1 24.1 (red) Example 9 — Compound 1 25.6(green)

Referring to Table 3, external quantum efficiency (EQE), as described inForrest et al., “Measuring the Efficiency of Organic Light-EmittingDevices,” Adv. Mater. 2003, 15, doi: 10.1002/adma.200302151, pp.1043-1048, of Examples 1 to 9 may be represented by the followingequation.η_(EQE)=γ·η_(r)·Φ_(p)·η_(oc)

In this regard, γ refers to a charge balance, η_(r) refers to excitongeneration efficiency, Φ_(p) refers to internal emission quantumefficiency, and η_(oc) refers to an out-coupling of light in the viewingdirection efficiency. The internal quantum efficiency is the ratio ofthe total number of photons generated within the structure to the numberelectrons ejected. In cases of the blue organic light-emitting devicesof Examples, since a fluorescent dopant was used, η_(r) is 0.25. Incases of the red/green organic light-emitting devices of Examples, sincea phosphorescent dopant was used, η_(r) is 1.

It was confirmed that the organic light-emitting devices manufacturedaccording to Examples 1 to 9 showed unexpected, surprising resultscompared to the organic light-emitting devices manufactured according toComparative Examples 1 to 6.

Electronic apparatuses constructed according to the principles andexemplary embodiments of the invention have a capping layer or anencapsulating member having a metallic compound having a refractiveindex that provides excellent external quantum efficiency.

Although certain exemplary embodiments and implementations have beendescribed herein, other embodiments and modifications will be apparentfrom this description. Accordingly, the inventive concepts are notlimited to such embodiments, but rather to the broader scope of theappended claims and various obvious modifications and equivalentarrangements as would be apparent to a person of ordinary skill in theart.

What is claimed is:
 1. A metallic compound for use in an electronicapparatus having an organic light emitting element, the metalliccompound having a refractive index: n_(620 nm)≤about 1.60;n_(530 nm)≤about 1.65; and n_(460 nm)≤about 1.68.
 2. The metalliccompound of claim 1, wherein the metallic compound is a compound ofFormula 1:

wherein, in Formula 1, M is a metal ion; L₁ to L₆ are each,independently from one another, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀alkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenylene group,a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynylene group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₄-C₆₀ carbocyclic group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group, —O—, —S—, —C(═O)—, —C(═S)—, —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)-,—N(Q₁)-, —B(Q₁)-, —P(Q₁)-, —P(═O)(Q₁)-, or —Ge(Q₁)(Q₂)-; a1 to a6 areeach, independently from one another, 0, 1, 2, or 3; R₁ to R₆ are each,independently from one another, hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, ahydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, ahydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group,a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic fusedpolycyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromaticfused heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —N(Q₁)(Q₂), —B(Q₁)(Q₂),—P(Q₁)(Q₂), —C(═O)(Q₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁), or —P(═O)(Q₁)(Q₂), l, m, and n areeach, independently from one another, 0, 1, or 2; and at least onesubstituent of the substituted C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, the substitutedC₁-C₆₀ alkylene group, the substituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, thesubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenylene group, the substituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynylgroup, the substituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynylene group, the substitutedC₁-C₆₀alkoxy group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, thesubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, thesubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, the substituted, a C₆-C₆₀ arylene group,the substituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthiogroup, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀heteroarylene group, the substituted monovalent non-aromatic fusedpolycyclic group, the substituted monovalent non-aromatic fusedheteropolycyclic group, the substituted C₄-C₆₀ carbocyclic group, andthe substituted C₁-C₆₁ heterocyclic group is: deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br,—I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, ahydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, and a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group; aC₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, anda C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, each, independently from one another, substitutedwith at least one of deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, acyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, ahydrazono group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heterocycloalkylgroup, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, aC₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, aC₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic fused, polycyclicgroup, a monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group—Si(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂)(Q₁₃), —N(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —B(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —C(═O)(Q₁₁),—S(═O)₂(Q₁₁), and —P(═O)(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂); a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, so a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, aC₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalentnon-aromatic fused polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromatic fusedheteropolycyclic group, each, independently from one another, optionallysubstituted with at least one of deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxylgroup, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazinogroup, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group,a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylgroup, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, aC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxygroup, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalentnon-aromatic fused polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic fusedheteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂)(Q₂₃), —N(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —B(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂),—C(═O)(Q₂₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₂₁), and —P(═O)(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂); and Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃),—N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and—P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), wherein Q₁, Q₂, Q₃, Q₁₁, Q₁₂, Q₁₃, Q₂₁, Q₂₂, Q₂₃, Q₃₁,Q₃₂, and Q₃₃ are each, independently from one another, hydrogen,deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylgroup, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, aC₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromaticfused polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclicgroup, a biphenyl group, or a terphenyl group.
 3. The metallic compoundof claim 2, wherein M in Formula 1 is Al, Ir, Rh, Mn, Co, Fe, Ni, Zr,In, Nb, W, Os, or Bi ion.
 4. The metallic compound of claim 2, whereinthe compound of Formula 1 is a compound of Formula 2 below:

wherein, in Formula 2, M has the same meaning as in Formula 1 of claim1; R₁₁ to R₁₃ each have, independently from one another, the samemeaning as R₁ in Formula 1 of claim 1; L₁₁ to L₁₃ each have,independently from one another, the same meaning as L₁ in Formula 1 ofclaim 1; and a11 to a13 each have, independently from one another, thesame meaning as a1 in Formula 1 of claim
 1. 5. The metallic compound ofclaim 4, wherein a11 to a13 are each, independently from one another, 0or 1; and R₁₁ to R₁₃ are each, independently from one another, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀aryl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group.6. The metallic compound of claim 4, wherein R₁₁ to R₁₃ are each,independently from one another, of Formulae 2a to 2d:

wherein, in Formulae 2a to 2d, H₁ is O or S; Z₁₁ to Z₂₀ are each,independently from one another, hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, ahydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidinogroup, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid or a saltthereof, a sulfonic acid or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid or a saltthereof, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, abiphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group,a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenylgroup, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a pyrenyl group, achrysenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinylgroup, a pyridazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group,a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, adibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a triazinyl group, abenzimidazolyl group, or a phenanthrolinyl group; b11 is 1, 2, 3, 4, or5; b17 is 1, 2, or 3; and * indicates a binding site to a neighboringatom.
 7. The metallic compound of claim 4, wherein the compound ofFormula 2 is a compound of Formulae 1 to 6 below:


8. The metallic compound of claim 2, wherein the compound of Formula 1is a compound of Formula 3 below:

wherein, in Formula 3, M has the same meaning as in Formula 1 of claim1; R₂₁ to R₂₉ each have, independently from one another, the samemeaning as R₁ in Formula 1 of claim 1, and adjacent substituents of R₂₁to R₂₉ are linked to form a ring; L₂₁ to L₂₉ each have, independentlyfrom one another, the same meaning as L₁ in Formula 1 of claim 1; anda21 to a29 each have, independently from one another, the same meaningas a1 in Formula 1 of claim
 1. 9. The metallic compound of claim 8,wherein a21 to a29 are each, independently from one another, 0 or 1; andR₂₁ to R₂₉ are each, independently from one another, hydrogen,deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, or a substituted orunsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group.
 10. The metallic compound of claim8, wherein R₂₁ to R₂₉ are each, independently from one another,hydrogen, deuterium, a methyl group, or a cyano group.
 11. The metalliccompound of claim 8, wherein the compound of Formula 3 is a compound ofFormulae 7 to 12 below:


12. The metallic compound of claim 2, wherein a value of S₁ absorptionenergy of the compound of Formula 1 is about 3.15 eV or more.
 13. Themetallic compound of claim 2, wherein the compound of Formula 1 issubstantially symmetric.
 14. An electronic apparatus comprising: asubstrate; and an electronic device disposed on the substrate, whereinthe electronic device includes a capping layer comprising the compoundof claim
 2. 15. An electronic apparatus comprising: a substrate; anelectronic device located on the substrate; and a member thatencapsulates the electronic device, wherein the member comprises acompound of Formula 2:

wherein, in Formula 2, M is a metal ion; L₁₁ to L₁₃ are each,independently from one another, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀alkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenylene group,a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynylene group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₄-C₆₀ carbocyclic group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group, —O—, —S—, —C(═O)—, —C(═S)—, —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)-,—N(Q₁)-, —B(Q₁)-, —P(Q₁)-, —P(═O)(Q₁)-, or —Ge(Q₁)(Q₂)-; a11 to a13 areeach, independently from one another, 0, 1, 2, or 3; R₁₁ to R₁₃ areeach, independently from one another, hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br,—I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, ahydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group,a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, asubstituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted orunsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstitutedC₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylgroup, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic fusedpolycyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromaticfused heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —N(Q₁)(Q₂), —B(Q₁)(Q₂),—P(Q₁)(Q₂), —C(═O)(Q₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁), or —P(═O)(Q₁)(Q₂); and at least onesubstituent of the substituted C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, the substitutedC₁-C₆₀ alkylene group, the substituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, thesubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenylene group, the substituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynylgroup, the substituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynylene group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, the substitutedC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylgroup, the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, the substitutedC₆-C₆₀ aryl group, the substituted, a C₆-C₆₀ arylene group, thesubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group,the substituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀heteroarylene group, the substituted monovalent non-aromatic fusedpolycyclic group, the substituted monovalent non-aromatic fusedheteropolycyclic group, the substituted C₄-C₆₀ carbocyclic group, andthe substituted C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group is: deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br,—I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, ahydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group, and a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group; aC₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, anda C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, each, independently from one another, substitutedwith at least one of deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, acyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, ahydrazono group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylgroup, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, aC₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, aC₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclicgroup, a monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group—Si(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂)(Q₁₃), —N(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —B(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —C(═O)(Q₁₁),—S(═O)₂(Q₁₁), and —P(═O)(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂); a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, aC₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalentnon-aromatic fused polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromatic fusedheteropolycyclic group, each, independently from one another, optionallysubstituted with at least one of deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxylgroup, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazinogroup, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group,a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylgroup, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, aC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxygroup, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalentnon-aromatic fused polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic fusedheteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂)(Q₂₃), —N(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —B(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂),—C(═O)(Q₂₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₂₁), and —P(═O)(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂); and —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃),—N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and—P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), wherein Q₁, Q₂, Q₃, Q₁₁, Q₁₂, Q₁₃, Q₂₁, Q₂₂, Q₂₃, Q₃₁,Q₃₂, and Q₃₃ are each, independently from one another, hydrogen,deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a C2-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylgroup, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, aC₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromaticfused polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclicgroup, a biphenyl group, or a terphenyl group.
 16. The electronicapparatus of claim 15, wherein the member comprises a thin-film.
 17. Theelectronic apparatus of claim 16, wherein the thin-film comprises thecompound of Formula
 2. 18. The electronic apparatus of claim 14, whereinthe electronic device includes an organic light-emitting device, whereinthe organic light-emitting device comprises: a first electrode; a secondelectrode facing the first electrode; and an organic layer comprising anemission layer disposed between the first and second electrodes.
 19. Theelectronic apparatus of claim 18, wherein the first electrode comprisesan anode; the second electrode comprises a cathode; and the organiclayer further comprises i) a hole transport region disposed between thefirst electrode and the emission layer and comprising a hole injectionlayer, a hole transport layer, a buffer layer, an electron blockinglayer, or any combination thereof, and ii) an electron transport regiondisposed between the emission layer and the second electrode andcomprising a hole blocking layer, an electron transport layer, anelectron injection layer, or any combination thereof.
 20. The electronicapparatus of claim 18, further comprising a thin-film transistor,wherein the thin-film transistor comprises a source electrode, a drainelectrode, an activation layer, and a gate electrode, and the firstelectrode of the organic light-emitting device is in electrical contactwith one of the source electrode and the drain electrode of thethin-film transistor.